Ch-9 Reproduction in Animals class 8

1. Reproduction in Animals Class 8 ( Biology )

2. Introduction to Reproduction • Reproduction is the process of giving rise to an offspring. • Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. • There are two modes of reproduction: 1) Sexual reproduction 2) Asexual reproduction

3. Asexual Reproduction The type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction. • There is no mixing of genetic information. • Eg: buds in Hydra

4. Sexual Reproduction The type of reproduction, which involves two parents to give rise to an offspring is called as sexual reproduction. • The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs. • These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse together to form the offspring. • Genetic information from both parents is inherited. • Eg: humans

5. Fission It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two. • Division of nucleus is followed by division of other cell organelles in the cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm. • Thus two cells are produced from one parent cell. • Example: Amoeba. • Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing into two cells.

6. If one parent cell gives rise to many daughter cells , this type of fission is called as Multiple Fission

7. Budding • A bud starts as an outgrowth on the parent body. • As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual organism. • In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the parent’s body (example: yeast) • In some organisms, it detaches from parent body and develops into a complete mature individual (hydra). • This type of reproduction is called as budding

9. Cell Division • Reproduction essentially involves cell division. • Without cell division life will not propagate. • The two types of reproductive processes involve two different types of cell divisions. Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

10. Cell division provides more cells: • For growth • Regeneration • Repair and damage control • Gamete formation

11. Types of Cell Division There are two types of cell division: • Mitosis • Meiosis

12. Mitosis Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. • DNA replication occurs once followed by a single division. • The number of chromosomes is maintained in this type of division. • This type of division happens in asexual reproduction. • It is also used for growth, repair and regeneration of tissues.

14. Meiosis This is a cell division in which a single cell divides into four haploid cells. • DNA replication occurs once followed by two divisions. • The numbers of chromosomes are halved in meiosis. • Meiosis takes place in sex organs to produce haploid gametes. • Thus, the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes in them.

16. Sexual Reproduction in Humans • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive System

17. Male Reproductive System • The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of sperm ducts and a penis. • The testes are located outside the male body. • Sperms are produced in testes. • Sperms are the male gametes.

19. Testosterone • Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the testes. • Testosterone is responsible for the development of sex organs, production of sperms and also the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

20. Sperms • Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans. • Millions of sperms are produced by the testes in a day. • Each sperm is a single, microscopic cell having a head, a middle piece and a tail as its parts. • Head contains a nucleus with a single set of chromosomes. • The middle piece contains a large number of mitochondria that provide energy during active movement. • Sperm is a motile gamete, which moves through the female reproductive tract with the help of the tail.

22. Female Reproductive System • The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes (oviducts) and a single uterus. • Ova are produced by ovaries. • Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from ovaries to the uterus. • Uterus holds the growing embryo/foetus and thus helps in holding the pregnancy.

24. Estrogen/Oestrogen • Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone secreted by ovaries. • It is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, development of female gamete i.e. Ovum and maintenance of menstrual cycle.

25. Ovum • The ovary produces the female gametes known as ovum or ova (plural). • In human beings, a single mature egg or ovum is released into the oviduct/fallopian tube by the respective side ovary every month. • The ovum is a single cell and is much larger than the sperm. • It is non-motile and is carried to the uterus by the oviduct.

27. Fertilization • Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete • Both the gametes containing haploid (single) set of chromosomes fuse and thus maintain the diploid (double) number of chromosomes. • The fertilized ovum is now called a zygote. • In human fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube and then the zygote is carried to the uterus. • Inside the uterus, it undergoes repeated divisions and grows and becomes an embryo.

29. Reproduction is a process by which one organism produces offsprings. It is one of the basic processes in all known life forms. Every organism we see around us is a direct result of reproduction. Reproduction in animals and plants takes place in two ways: • Sexually • Asexually

30. Modes Of Reproduction Depending on the number of parents involved, there are different modes of reproduction. Every living organism reproduces by either of the two modes i.e. sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction.

31. Sexual Reproduction It is the mode of reproduction in which gamete cells from two organisms, one male and one female, combine to form a singular zygote. This zygote shares half of its genetic information with the father and the other half with the mother. Though the basics of it remain the same, there are many different modes of sexual reproduction in both plants and animals. The newly formed individual produced by sexual reproduction is different from parents, both genetically and physically.

32. Humans reproduce sexually by the fusion of sperm with the egg (ovum) to produce a zygote called fertilization. Fertilization is the crucial stage of sexual reproduction. Without fertilization, sexual reproduction will not be complete.

33. Sexual Reproduction in Plants Plants that reproduce sexually have sex parts which we know as flowers. The process of reproduction involves the fusion of male gametes, namely, pollen with the female gamete, also known as ovules. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote and an endosperm nucleus, which grow into seeds and fruits respectively. Sexual Reproduction in Animals Among the different modes of reproduction in animals, sexual reproduction is the most common one. Most animals reproduce sexually, though in a variety of different ways. Sexual reproduction in animals involves the union of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg to form a diploid zygote, which shares its DNA with both the parent cells.

34. Thank you Presentation made by: Shubhi Agrawal Class : 8 School: Delhi Public School Indirapuram