Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Counseling for HIV-Infected Patients

1. Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Counseling for HIV-Infected Patients Julia H. Arnsten, MD, MPH Chief, Division of General Internal Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Psychiatry Albert Einstein College of Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Submitted by the NY/NJ AETC

2. Background • More than 50% of HIV-infected patients smoke • Smoking poses unique health risks to HIV-infected patients • pulmonary infections • oropharyngeal lesions • AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. • “Graying” of HIV-infected population necessitates screening for and prevention of chronic disease • Coronary heart disease • Diabetes • Obesity

3. Prevalence of Current Smoking in HIV-Infected Persons in 5 Cross-Sectional Studies 2001 – 2005 PCHIS = SF, LA, IL, NJ, NY, MI; HCSUS = 8 metropolitan areas

4. Prevalence of smoking among HIV-infected patients in NYCBurkhaler et al, Tobacco use and readiness to quit smoking in low-income HIV-infected persons, Nicotine Tob Res, 2005; 7(4):511-22. • 428 HIV+ Medicaid recipients, NYC • Age: 22-75 • 59% males • 53% African Americans, 30% Latinos • HS education or less : 87% • 67% current smokers (mean = 16 cig/day) • 19% former smokers, 16% never smokers • Current smokers • Greater use of illicit substances (ever and current) • Lower perceived health risk of continued smoking

5. Adult smoking rates NYC 2003 21.5% 2004 18.9% USA 2003 21.6% 2004 20.7%

6. HIV Patients are Living Longer

7. Distribution of HIV/AIDS Discharges by Age-group, 1994-2002 (NYS) Source: SPARCS (Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System)

8. Distribution of Medicaid recipients with HIV/AIDS by age group, 1993-2001 (NYS) Source: NYS Medicaid Claims Database

9. Living Longer = Changing Morbidity and MortalityCancerLung diseaseCardiovascular disease

10. Cancer rates before and after HAART

11. AIDS-Defining and Non AIDS-Defining Malignancies (non-ADM) Before and After HAARTBedimo, R et al. Trends in AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies among HIV-infected patients: 1989-2002. Clin Inf Dis 2004;39:1380-1384 Cases per 1000 pat-years

12. Cancers of the larynx and oropharynx HAART HAART

13. Cancers of the lung/trachea Source: SPARCS

14. Lung disease

15. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Source: SPARCS database, NYSDOH

16. Cardiovascular disease

17. Myocardial infarction Holmberg et al. Trends in rates of Myocardial infarction among patients with HIV N Engl J Med 2004; 350:730-731

18. Acute Myocardial Infarction Source: SPARCS database, NYSDOH

21. Mean Absolute Risk (%) Risk Factors Are Additive The total severity of multiple low-level risk factors often exceeds that of a single severely elevated risk factor. 27% 19% 13% 8% BP 165/95 mm Hg BP 165/95 mm Hg Age 56 years BP 165/95 mm Hg Age 56 years LDL-C 155 mg/dL BP 165/95 mm Hg Age 56 years LDL-C 155 mg/dL Smoker Grundy SM et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1348-1359.

22. Are physicians intervening in tobacco use?Ellerbeck, Ahluwalia, et al. Direct observation of smoking cessation activities in primary care practice. J Fam Pract. 2001; 50:688-693 In 38 primary care practices: Tobacco was discussed in 21% of encounters. Discussion was: • more common in those practices (58%) with standard forms for recording smoking status • more common during new patient visits • less common with older patients • less common with physicians in practice more than 10 years

23. Barriers to treating tobacco dependence “Not enough time.” “Patients don’t want to hear about it.” “I can’t help patients stop.”

24. “Not enough time” “Minimal interventions lasting less than 3 minutes increase overall tobacco abstinence rates.” The PHS Guideline (Strength of Evidence = A)

25. “Patients don’t want to hear about it” • In several studies, smoking cessation interventions during physician visits were associated with increased patient satisfaction with care among smokers • 1,898 patients who reported that they had been asked about tobacco use or advised to quit during the latest visit had 10% greater satisfaction rating and 5% less dissatisfaction than those not reporting such discussions Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:138-143

26. Proportion of Patients Reporting Positive Changes in Health Promoting Behavior Following Diagnosis with HIVCollins et al, Health Psychology 2001; 20(5):351-360

27. Proportion of Patients Interested in Quitting Smoking Mamary et al, Cigarette smoking and the desire to quit among individuals living with HIV, AIDS Patients Care and STDs 2002; 16(1):39-42

28. “I can’t help patients stop” Effective clinical interventions exist The Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence was published in June, 2000 and offers effective treatments for tobacco dependence.

29. Summary Algorithm for Treating Tobacco Dependence

30. The 5 A’sFor Patients Willing To Quit • ASK about tobacco use at every visit. • ADVISE to quit with a clear, strong, personalized message. • ASSESS willingness to make a quit attempt within the next 30 days. • ASSIST in quit attempt with a brief (3-5 min) counseling intervention. • ARRANGE for follow-up (ANTICIPATE relapse).

31. ASK EVERY patient at EVERY visit

32. ADVISE • Once tobacco use status has been identified and documented, advise all tobacco users to quit • Even brief advice to quit results in greater quit rates • Advice should be: • clear • strong • personalized “As your health care provider, I must tell you that the most important thing you can do to improve your health is to stop smoking.”

33. ASSESS After providing a clear, strong, and personalized message to quit, you must determine whether the patient is willing to quit at this time “Are you willing to try to quit at this time? I can help you.”

34. ASSIST • Help develop a quit plan • Provide practical counseling • Identify events, internal states, or activities that increase the risk of smoking or relapse (e.g. drinking, other smokers). • Identify and practice coping or problem-solving skills. • Provide basic information about smoking and successful quitting. • Provide intra-treatment social support • Encourage the patient in the quit attempt. • Communicate caring and concern. • Encourage the patient to talk about the quitting process • Help patient obtain extra-treatment social support • Recommend pharmacotherapy (ex. special circumstances) • Provide supplementary materials

35. Developing a quit plan • Set a quit date • Review past quit attempts • Anticipate challenges • Remove tobacco products • Avoid • Alcohol use • Exposure to tobacco

36. Counsel your patients to quit “Minimal interventions lasting less than 3 minutes increase overall tobacco abstinence rates” The PHS Guideline (Strength of Evidence = A) “There is a strong dose-response relation between the session length of person-to-person contact and successful treatment outcomes. Intensive interventions are more effective than less intensive interventions and should be used whenever possible” The PHS Guideline (Strength of Evidence = A)

37. Brief Intervention • 5-15 minute counseling session • Four components • State your concern about your patient’s behaviors (smoking, use of alcohol/drugs, diet) • Make explicit recommendation for change in behavior • Discuss patient’s reaction • Review treatment options; negotiate plan

38. ARRANGE and ANTICIPATE • Schedule a follow-up contact within one week after the quit date • Telephone contact • Quit lines • The majority of relapse occurs in the first two weeks after quitting

39. Relapse • Preventing Relapse • Congratulate success • Encourage continued abstinence • Discuss with your patient: • benefits of quitting • barriers • If your patient has used tobacco, remind him or her that the relapse should be viewed as a learning experience • Relapse is consistent with the chronic nature of tobacco dependence; not a sign of failure “How has stopping tobacco use helped you?.”

40. Cell Phone Intervention Pilot Study: Houston, TexasLazev et al, Increasing access to smoking cessation treatment in a low-income, HIV-positive population: The feasibility of cellular telephones. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2004; 6(2):281-286. • Pilot study of a proactive cell phone smoking cessation intervention (n=20) • Thomas St. Clinic – 4000 medically indigent patients (mostly Black and Hispanic) • Six scheduled cell-phone delivered counseling sessions delivered over two weeks (1 d prior to quit date, on quit date, and 2, 4, 7, and 14 d post) – average 5 min • 24 hr/7 d/week quit line, patient info also provided • Highly successful: 95% made a quit attempt and 75% were abstinent at 1 and 2 weeks post quit date

41. A Nurse-Managed, Peer-Led Cessation Intervention for HIV-Positive SmokersWewers et al, Jour Assn of Nurses in AIDS Care 2000; 11(6):37-44 • Randomized trial of 15 participants • Intervention = weekly counseling sessions plus NRT • Control group = written materials • Follow-up: 8 weeks, 8 months • Outcomes = point abstinence and continuous abstinence

42. Treating patients who are not ready to make a quit attempt with Motivational Interviewing (a Form of Brief Intervention) • RELEVANCE: Tailor advice and discussion to each patient, avoid argument! • RISKS: Outline specific risks of smoking. • REWARDS: Outline the benefits of quitting. • ROADBLOCKS: Identify barriers to quitting. • REPETITION: Reinforce the motivational message at every visit, avoid argument!

43. Motivational InterviewingMotivational interviewing is a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Stephen Rollnick, William R. Miller, 1995 Rollnick, S., & Miller, W. R. What is motivational interviewing? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 1995;23:325-334.

44. Readiness to Change Model

45. Stages of Change in Two Populations of HIV-Infected Smokers, Compared to General Population NY: Burkhaler et al, Tobacco use and readiness to quit smoking in low-income HIV-infected persons, Nicotine Tob Res, 2005; 7(4):511-22.Houston: Gritz et al, Smoking behavior in a low-income multiethnic HIV/AIDS population, Nicotine Tob Res, 2004; 6(1):71-77.

46. Precontemplation • Goal is to raise doubt, increase perception/ consciousness of problem • express concern • state the problem non-judgmentally • agree to disagree • advise a trial of abstinence or cutting down • importance of follow-up (even if still smoking/using drug & alcohol ) • less intensity is better Samet, JH, Rollnick S, Barnes H. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:2287-93.

47. Contemplation • Goal is to tip the balance • elicit positive and negative aspects of smoking or drug & alcohol use • elicit positive and negative aspects of not smoking or using drugs & alcohols • summarize (patient could write these down) • demonstrate discrepancies between values and actions • advise a trial of abstinence or cutting down

48. Preparation • Goal is to help determine the best course of action • working on motivation is not helpful • supporting self-efficacy is (remind of strengths--i.e. previous quits, periods of sobriety, coming to doctor) • help decide on achievable goals • caution re: difficult road ahead • relapse won’t disrupt relationship

49. Action • Goal is to help patient take steps to change • support and encouragement • acknowledge discomfort (losses, withdrawal) • reinforce importance of recovery

50. Maintenance • Goal is to help prevent relapse • anticipate difficult situations (triggers) • recognize the ongoing struggle • support the patient’s resolve • reiterate that relapse won’t disrupt your relationship