1890 - 1945

1. 1890 - 1945

2. Battle of Wounded Knee

3. * Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, and rid of whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened white settlers • * The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was planning a rebellion; acting on the settlers’ fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief • * In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the others were killed; the remainder of tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek • * When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired , and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women , and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars

4. Progressivism

5. Social, Political and economic reform that came as an American Response to problems caused by industrialization, urbanization and immigration • Democratic reforms were made throughout states and the national government • Reforms helped development the 16, 17, 19 Amendments

6. Woodrow Wilson

7. 28th President • Before presidency and political work, he served as an academic and President of Princeton University • His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal trade commission to control unfair business practices • Initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad workers to an eight hour day • Led United States into WW 1 • His “14 points” outlined the settlement of WW1 • He was a noted racist who segregated the federal government and praised the Birth of a Nation , a controversial movie negatively depicting African- Americans

8. Platt Amendment

9. Rider attached to army appropriations bill • It was written into the constitution of Cuba by the United States and, in effect, made Cuba a United States protectorate • The United States kept land for naval bases on Cuba: Guantanamo Bay would play a part in later Cuba- United States conflicts

10. Theodore Roosevelt

11. 26th president • Roosevelt had to deal with ill health and became an advocate for similarly disadvantaged people • Roosevelt was part of the Rough Rider Regiment during the Spanish- American conflict, where he became a war hero • As president, he became a “Trust Buster”; he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign trade • Won the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company • Style of diplomacy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick”; protected United States interests by ensuring the construction of the Panama Canal and United States authority in Latin America • Served as a middleman in conflicts between Russia and Japan; forged Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 • Supported conservation ( on preservation ) of national resources

12. Muckrakers

13. American Journalist, novelists, and critics who exposed corruptions, especially in business and politics • President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given the muckrakers their name • Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Samuel Hopkins Adams • Led to increased support for the progressive movement

14. Sherman antitrust act

15. Based on Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce • Declare every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade to be illegal • Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if found to conspire in restraining trade • The supreme court applied the at to both labor unions and corporations

16. Insular Cases

17. A series of court cases held to determine if the “ Constitution followed the flag.” • At stake- whether people in areas controlled by the United States were given rights as citizens • The court determined that those living in new territories were not automatically granted the right of the United States citizens

18. Populist Party

19. Consisted mostly of farmers • Members who met in Nebraska wrote their “ Omaha Platform.” • The demands of the platform included free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government and ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries • Many of these ideas were later adopted by the Progressive party.

20. Federal Reserve Act if 1913

21. Response to the Panic of 1907 and concerns of business • Need for a stable currency supply that could grown and shrink with business demands • Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, each offering control to a different group • President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage of the act • Divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as “banker banks.” • The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interests rates that each federal reserve bank could charge.

22. Watchful Waiting

23. Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made • Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Hureta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution. • Policy ended when the United States sent forces to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American sailors in its borders.

24. Homestead Strike

25. Iron and steel workers’ strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest slavery reductions • Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect Carnegie’s plant, but fighting began and several deaths resulted on both sides. • Pennsylvania state militia was brought in to take control

26. Clayton Antitrust Act

27. Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices. • Meant as update for the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 • Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal • Est. Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances to unfair competition. • Served as the grounds for many suit against corporations • Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities

28. Hoovervilles

29. Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people • Used in open areas near cities during the depression • This term was sued to mock Herbert Hoover

30. Upton Sinclair

31. Novelist and socialist • Used his writing to expose issues in the United States society, such as the need for food inspection laws, and the oppressive effect of capitalism on education and culture • His book , The Jungle (1906) , a graphic novel about the Chicago stockyards, led to food inspection reforms and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • Lost bid to become governor of California in 1934 • Won Pulitzer prize in 1942

32. Muller v. Oregon

33. Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries • Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that it violated the “Liberty to contract. “ • Louis Btandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case, used extensive sociological evidence in his brief ( the Brandeis Brief). Which served as a model for later social reformers • The supreme court held that the law was constitutional

34. Henry Ford

35. His model T, introduced in 1908, was the first inexpensive, mass- produced automobile • Use of the moving assembly line strongly influenced America manufacturing

36. Eugene v. Debs

37. Became president of American Railway Union in 1893 • Led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against the Pullman Palace Car Company • Was a founder of the Social Democratic Party • Ran for president was a socialist candidate five times between 1900 and 1920

38. Hawaii

39. American sugar planters worked in Hawaii and expanded America- Hawaiian sugar trade • Queen Liliuokalani opposed foreigners, alienating Americans • Revolution against the queen came about in 1893 wand was encouraged by American Leaders • Feeling that most islanders did not support this revolution , Grover Cleveland unsuccessfully attempted to restore Queen Liliuokalani • Standford Dole, son of American missionaries in Hawaii, shepherded the annexation process • Dole became Hawaii’s frist governor when the United states annexed it on July 7, 1898

40. William Howard Taft

41. 27th president • After serving as the Secretary of War under Theodore Roosevelt , he elected over William Jennings Bryan • Prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act • His policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” called for acting in foreign affairs to achieve a financial result on behalf of one's country. • His administration created the department of labor and established the parcel post system • President Roosevelt’s relationship with Taft deteriorated, leading to Roosevelt's;s opposition of Taft’s re- election Became Chief Justice of Supreme court after serving as president

42. 17th Amendment

43. A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect two senators for 6 yr terms by popular vote • Restated the first paragraph of article 1, section 3 of the constitution by replacing “ chosen By legislature thereof” with “elected by the people thereof” • Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government

44. Bureau of Indian Affairs

45. Led by commissioner John Collier • Returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and provided economic relief • Created a program of work projects for reservations

46. Watchful waiting

47. Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made • Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Huerta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution • Policy ended when the United States sent forces to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American Sailors in its borders

48. Teller Amendment

49. The Amendment promised that when the United States overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the United States would give Cubans their independence • Later, the Platt Amendment would override the Teller Amendment as Cuba would come under United States control after the Spanish- American War

50. Puerto Rico and the United States