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The Carolingian Reformation

The Carolingian Reformation. Announcement. Note-taker needed You must be sensitive to the needs of students with disabilities $25 per unit of the class, which may be prorated based on the number of weeks that you are hired for If interested, stop by Disabled Student Office, 2120 SRB.

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The Carolingian Reformation

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  1. The Carolingian Reformation

  2. Announcement • Note-taker needed • You must be sensitive to the needs of students with disabilities • $25 per unit of the class, which may be prorated based on the number of weeks that you are hired for • If interested, stop by Disabled Student Office, 2120 SRB

  3. From last time.. • We saw the progressive destruction of the Western Roman Empire, and the progressive strengthening of the Christian Church • Social and Political void filled by the Church • Gregory the Great and Ambrose of Milan as examples of this process

  4. The Barbarians and the Pope • Remember the example of Gregory the Great and the Lombards! • A very important example of alliance between the Barbarians and the Papacy is the French one

  5. The Frankish Kingdom

  6. Pippin & Zachary • Pippin and the Merovingian Dynasty • 751: The Pope backs him up • Why did Pippin need the Pope? • What did the Pope gain?

  7. Charlemagne: the most important of Pippin’s successors Harvard Memorial Hall,1888 Charlemagne as a symbol of sovereignty and political wisdom

  8. Why was Charlemagne so important? Let’s see from Einhard’s ‘Chronicle’(ca.830) • Military strength united with ‘moderation’ • Deep Christian calling • His own sense of being in charge of unifying what had been separated, as religion and politics • His relationship to the Pope and the institutional Church: a ‘problematic’ one

  9. Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor: he was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas night of the year 800 Illustration from a 14th c. manuscript, Bibliothèque Nationale

  10. Why is this important? • The concept of Translatio Imperii: Rome is not dead! • Once again, the role of the Pope in that: remember Constantine • Europe has a new strong political authority, but this time tied to religion

  11. The Carolingian reformation: the Church • Before talking about this, let us firm up some points….

  12. What is the difference between regular and secular clergy? • Regular Clergy = those who follow a religious Rule, i.e. monks • Secular Clergy = those who are in the ‘saeculum’ (Latin for ‘world-time’), and who have ‘cura animarum’ (Latin for ‘care for the souls’)

  13. The Carolingian Reformation: the Church • Reform of the Regular Clergy: Rule of St.Benedict applied throughout • Reform of the Secular Clergy: Charlemagne starts appointing Bishops and enforces moral and doctrinal discipline

  14. The Carolingian Reformation: the Schools • Cathedral, Monastic and Court Schools • Reform of the Curriculum: the Seven Liberal Arts • Handwriting • Latin

  15. Preserving Manuscripts: one of the most important legacies of the Carolingian Era

  16. The Collapse of the Carolingian World: in 851 the Empire splits

  17. Eastern Frankish Kingdom (Germany) retains the title of Holy Roman Empire Western Frankish Kingdom (France) looses its imperial character After 851:

  18. Conclusions • Holy Roman Empire: Rome is alive once again, and Church and State ‘united’ • Carolingian Reform: an example of both the complex consequences of the relationship between Christianity and Empire…..

  19. Conclusions II • ‘Positive’ consequences for the Church: Charlemagne contributes to strengthen the influence and power of Christianity • ‘Negative’ consequences for the Church: in doing so, Charlemagne claims for himself certain specifically ‘religious’ functions of the Pope, as for instance enforcing discipline and appointing Bishops

  20. Open Questions • What is the future of Christianity after 851? • What is the future of the Holy Roman Empire after 851? • What is the future of the relationship between Pope and Emperor?

  21. The End See you on Friday

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