Types of Skeletons: Hydrostatic, Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton" A hydrostatic skeleton, lizard, cockroach, earthworm, fish

1. 10 A hydrostatic skeleton would be found in a(an) _____. • lizard • cockroach • earthworm • fish

2. 10 Which of the following is not one of the three basic types of skeletons? • endoskeleton • exoskeleton • hydrocarbon skeleton • hydrostatic skeleton

3. 10 Which of the following is not one of the three basic types of skeletons? • endoskeleton • exoskeleton • hydrocarbon skeleton • hydrostatic skeleton

4. 10 All vertebrates have a(an) _____. • exoskeleton • endoskeleton • bony skeleton • cartilaginous skeleton

5. 10 Bone-forming cells that secrete matrix minerals are _____. • osteoblasts • osteoclasts • osteocytes • osteopores

6. 0 Yellow marrow contains mostly _____. • blood cells • osteoblasts • compact bone • fat cells

7. 0 When osteoblast activity decreases and bone density severely declines, the result is _____. • osteocytes • osteoporosis • spongy bone • rickets

8. 0 The dense connective tissues that strap the bones of joints together and permit movement are _____. • tendons • ligaments • matrix • marrow

9. 0 A degenerative disorder in which the cartilage in joints wears away is _____. • osteoporosis • osteoblastitis • osteoarthritis • osteocystitis

10. 0 Biceps and triceps are an example of _____. • leg muscles • opposing muscle groups • smooth muscle • cardiac muscle

11. 0 In order for skeletal muscles to produce body movement, they _____. • must contract • must be near joints • must be attached to bones • all of the choices

12. 0 How do skeletal muscles contract? • tendons pull on muscles and shorten them • nerves pull on muscles and shorten them • proteins shorten individual muscle cells • the outer sheath pulls on the tendons

13. 0 Muscle bundles, fibers and filaments all run in the same parallel direction because _____. • contraction pulls a bone in one particular direction • they form flat sheets • it allows them to connect to bones and tendons • the muscle sheath is long and thin

14. 0 During exercise, _____ provides the energy for muscle contraction. • ADP • ATP • phosphate • lactic acid

15. 0 A muscle twitch _____. • is produced by a motor unit • consists of a brief contraction and relaxation • is stimulated by a motor neuron • all of the choices

16. 0 A temporary decrease in a muscle's ability to generate force is called _____. • muscle fatigue • cramp • tetanus • twitch

17. 0 Muscular dystrophy _____. • is a genetic disorder • causes muscles to weaken and degenerate • cannot be cured • all of the choices

18. 0 The vertebrae of the vertebral column _____. • surround the spinal cord • are cushioned by cartilaginous disks • are attached to paired muscles • all of the choices

19. 0 The circulatory system _____. • consists of the heart and blood vessels • circulates blood through the body • maintains the body's internal environment • all of the choices

20. 0 Which of the following has a two-chambered heart? • amphibians • birds • fish • mammals

21. 0 In blood, oxygen is carried primarily by _____. • plasma • platelets • red blood cells • white blood cells

22. 0 In the human cardiovascular system, _____ carry blood away from the heart and _____ carry blood toward the heart. • arteries, capillaries • coronary arteries, veins • veins, arteries • arteries, veins

23. 0 The heart chamber that pumps blood to the systemic circulation is the _____. • left ventricle • right ventricle • left atrium • right atrium

24. 0 What is the function of a heart valve? • to supply the heart muscle with oxygen • to separate the heart into left and right chambers • to keep blood moving in one direction • to make the heart contract

25. 0 Which type of blood vessel has the strongest, thickest walls? • artery • arteriole • capillary • vein

26. 0 Which process would tend to lower blood pressure? • vasodilation • vasoconstriction • atherosclerosis • stress

27. 0 Most exchange of materials between blood and tissues occurs through _____. • arteries • arterioles • capillaries • veins

28. 0 Which types of blood vessels have valves? • arteries • arterioles • capillaries • veins

29. 0 The main function of the respiratory system is _____. • gas exchange • breathing • energy production • transportation of oxygen to tissues

30. 0 To supply their higher metabolic needs, the respiratory system of _____ provides a constant flow of fresh air across the respiratory surfaces. • reptiles • birds • mammals • amphibians

31. 0 Lungs are the only respiratory organs in all of the following animals, except _____. • reptiles • birds • mammals • amphibians

32. 0 In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system also _____. • helps blood in veins return to the heart • helps dispose of excess heat and water • helps maintain acid-base balance • all of the choices

33. 0 The vocal cords are located in the _____. • pharynx • larynx • trachea • oral cavity

34. 0 In the respiratory cycle, the main muscles used are the _____. • intercostal and diaphragm • pharynx and larynx • bronchiole and alveoli • oral and pleural

35. 0 Oxygen that enters the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs is bound and transported by _____. • hemoglobin • platelets • plasma • carbon dioxide

36. 0 Carbon dioxide is mostly produced in _____ and transported to the lungs as ____. • cells of body tissues, bicarbonate • alveoli, gas • blood, carbohydrates • veins, hemoglobin

37. 0 Red marrow _____. • is found in long bones • fills spaces in spongy bones • produces red blood cells • all of the choices

38. 10 The cells that secrete substances that dissolve matrix and break down bone are _____. • osteoblasts • osteoclasts • osteocytes • osteopores

39. 10 What factor increases the risk of osteoporosis? • menopause • smoking • alcohol or steroid use • all of the choices

40. 10 A sprain is the result of a torn or broken _____. • long bone • ligament • matrix • cartilage

41. 10 In paired, opposing muscle groups _____. • forces are equalized so the joint cannot move • the action of one reverses the action of the other • one group is smooth muscle and the other striated muscle • pairs are mirror images on the left and right sides of the body

42. 10 The purpose of a tendon is to _____. • attach bone to bone • attach skin to bone • attach muscle to bone • all of the choices

43. 10 The molecules that work together to shorten muscles are _____. • myofibrils and fibers • sarcomeres and Z bands • actin and myosin • filaments and the outer sheath

44. 10 Actin is _____, and myosin is _____. • a globular protein, a motor protein • part of a thin filament, part of a thick filament • formed into a coiled strand, formed into a club shape • all of the choices

45. 10 The sliding-filament model for contraction of a sarcomere requires _____. • formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments • energy • calcium ions released form the sarcoplasmic reticulum • all of the choices

46. 10 ATP that provides energy for muscle contraction is produced by _____. • motor neurons • aerobic respiration • regular exercise • sunlight

47. 10 Brief stimulation of muscle fibers by a motor neuron produces _____. • a muscle twitch • muscle fatigue • muscle cramp • tetanus

48. 10 Tetanus _____. • results from rapidly repeated muscle stimulation • is a sustained contraction • is a disease caused by a bacterial toxin • all of the choices

49. 10 Blood mixes with interstitial fluid in _____. • animals with open circulatory systems • the heart • capillaries • all vertebrates

50. 10 In blood, the _____ defend the body against pathogens. • plasma • platelets • red blood cells • white blood cells