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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION. WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?. WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? (continued). WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?. THE CAPACITY TO THINK RATIONALLY THINK LOGICALLY COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH STRESS COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH LIFE’S CHALLENGES DEMONSTRATE EMOTIONAL STABILITY

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

  2. WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?

  3. WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?(continued)

  4. WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? • THE CAPACITY TO • THINK RATIONALLY • THINK LOGICALLY • COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH STRESS • COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH LIFE’S CHALLENGES • DEMONSTRATE EMOTIONAL STABILITY • ACHIEVE PERSONAL GROWTH

  5. SIGNS OF DETERIORATINGMENTAL HEALTH • “I’m no good.” (Low self-regard) • “Everybody plots against me.” (Distortion of reality) • “I’m no good at anything.” (Occupational and social incompetence) • “I feel tense all the time.” (Anxiety) • “Life isn’t worth living.” (Depression) • “I feel mad most of the time.” (Anger) • “I feel like I am always ‘pumped’ physically—like my heart is racing.”(Heightened physiological reactivity)

  6. THE STIGMA OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • PREJUDICE • DISCRIMINATION • STEREOTYPICAL RESPONSES • SOCIAL OSTRICIZATION • REJECTION BY FRIENDS AND FAMILY • PUBLIC MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

  7. ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR • ADAPTATIVE BEHAVIOR • BALANCING WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH WHAT THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY DEMANDS • MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR • PROBLEMS IN EVERYDAY LIFE CAUSED BY • BRAIN DAMAGE OR OTHER ORGANIC CAUSES • PRESENT OR PAST SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS • STRSESFUL LIFE EVENTS

  8. THE HISTORY ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • ANCIENT WESTERN WORLD • HIPPOCRATES • SOCRATES • ARISTOTLE • PLATO • GALEN • THE MIDDLE AGES • Saint Augustine

  9. HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • THE RENAISSSANCE • JOHANN WEYER • THE AGE OF REASON AND ENLIGHTENMENT • WILLIAM HARVEY • BARUCH SPINOZA • ROBERT BURTON • FRANZ JOSEPH GALL • WILIAM CULLEN • FRANZ ANTON MESMER

  10. HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN EUROPE • PHILLIPE PINEL- FRANCE • BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL – ENGLAND • BELIEF IN MORAL TREATMENT LED TO GROWTH OF ASYLUMS • THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN THE U.S. • BENJAMIN RUSH • DOROTHEA DIX • CLIFFORD BEERS

  11. RECENT CONCEPTS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH • FOCUS ON EMOTION AND IRRATIONAL FEELINGS • THE ORGANIC APPROACH • ABNORMAL BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION • INTERACTIONAL/PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH • CONVERGENCE OF BIOLGOICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS

  12. THE INTERACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE • STRESS • OUR REACTION TO SITUATIONS THAT POSE DEMANDS, CONSTRAINTS, AND OPPORTUNITIES • VULNERABILITY • HOW LIKELY WE ARE TO RESPOND MALADAPTIVELY TO STRESSFUL SITUATIONS • RISK FACTORS VS. PROTECTIVE FACTORS • RESILIENCE • OUR ABILITY TO “BOUNCE BACK” FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANT STRESS • HOW GOOD ARE OUR COPING SKILLS?

  13. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

  14. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

  15. EPIDEMIOILOGICAL CONCEPTS

  16. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RATES OF DIAGNOSED MENTAL DISORDER

  17. SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • REASONS FOR CLINICAL CONTACTS • PERSONAL UNHAPPINESS • CONCERNS OF OTHERS • LEGAL PROBLEMS • COMMUNITY PROBLEMS

  18. SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR TREATMENT FACILITIES

  19. SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH SPECIALISTS • Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) • Counseling Psychologist (Ph.D. or Ed.D.) • Psychiatrist (M.D.) • Psychiatric Social Worker • Psychiatric Nurse

  20. RESEARCH IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • OBSERVING BEHAVIOR • THE ROLE OF THEORY • RESEARCH • CASE STUDIES • CORRELATINAL STUDIES • ASSESSMENT STUDIES • LONGITUDINAL STUDIES • FOLLOW-UP STUDIES • CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES • EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

  21. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS • HYPOTHESIS-TESTING • BEHAVIOR CHANGE • ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS • HUMAN EXPERIMENTS

  22. STEPS IN CLINICAL TRIALS

  23. A TYPICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

  24. RESEARCH DESIGN, STATISTICAL ANALYSES, AND INFERENCES • A GOOD DESIGN HAS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY. • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUMMARIZE OBSERVATIONS. • Mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation • INFERENTIAL STATITSTCS ALLOW COMPARISONS BETWEEN GROUPS. • Level of significance, correlation coefficient.

  25. THREE KINDS OF CORRELATION RESULTS

  26. INTERPRETING RESEARCH RESULTS FACTORS THAT CAN BIAS RESULTS • CONFOUNDING • REACTIVITY • DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS • EXPECTANCY EFFECTS • SAMPLING ISSUES

  27. ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH • RESEARCHERS SHOULD NOT PLACE SUBJECTS IN PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL JEOPARDY. • SUBJECTS MUST BE INFORMED NATURE AND HAZARDS OF EXPERIMENT. • SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN WITH CHILDREN, PEOPLE WITH MENTAL RETARDATION AND SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESSES, AND PRISONERS. • VIOLATING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES HAS SERIOUS LEGAL AND PROFESSIONAL CONSEQUENCES.

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