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Civilizations and Empires. Trade Routes of the Eastern Hemisphere. During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa and Asia. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere (1000 – 1500 C.E.).
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Civilizations and Empires Trade Routes of the Eastern Hemisphere
During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. • These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa and Asia
Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere (1000 – 1500 C.E.) • Silk Routes across Asia to the Mediterranean Basin
Northern European links with the Black Sea (Baltic Sea to Black Sea)
Regional trade networks and long-distance trade in the Eastern Hemisphere aided in the diffusion (spread) and exchange of technology and culture among Europe, Africa and Asia
Goods trades • Gold from West Africa
Textiles from India, China, the Middle East and later Europe
Technology • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (for making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East
Navigational technology • The compass from China • The lateen sail from India
Spread of Ideas • Printing and paper money spread from China • Religions spread across the hemisphere • Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan • Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia • Islam into West Africa, Central Asia and Southeast Asia
Japanese cultural development was influences by proximity (being near) China. Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture
Location Separated from Asia mainland by the Sea of Japan (or East Sea) Close to China and Korea Mountainous archipelago of four main islands
Influence of Chinese culture Writing Chinese writing Japanese writing
Influence of Chinese CultureArchitecture Chinese architecture Osaka castle (Japan)
Influence of Chinese CultureBuddhism Japanese Buddha Chinese Buddha
Shinto Ethnic religion unique to Japan Coexists with Buddhism
Shinto beliefs Importance of natural features, forces of nature and ancestors States religion that used to include worship of the Emperor (before WWII)
Civilizations and Empires Africa
African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan west and east Africa. Trade brought important cultural and religious influences to Africa from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period including Ghana, Mali and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa and Zimbabwe in southeastern Africa.
Axum • Located near the Ethiopian highlands and Nile River • Was a Christian kingdom • King Ezana converted about 350 C.E.
Zimbabwe Located near Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers and the Indian Ocean coast City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of a prosperous empire
West African Kingdoms • Ghana, Mali and Songhai • Located near Niger River and the Sahara desert
Trade • Trans=Saharan trade • Gold and salt
Timbuktu City of Timbuktu was a center of Islamic learning and of trade
Religions Islam was brought by trade and conquest Animism was indigenous religion
Civilizations and Empire Western Hemisphere
The Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America and Mexico
Mayan Civilization • Located in Mexican and Central American rainforests • Yucatan Peninsula • Modern Honduras and Guatemala
Government and Economy Groups of city-states ruled by kings Major cities included Palenque and Chichen Itza Economy was based on agriculture and trade
Religion Was polytheistic Built pyramids Also created calendars and had a hieroglyphic writing system
Aztec Civilization • Located in arid valley in Central Mexico
Government and Economy Ruled by an Emperor Capital city was Tenochtitlan (located where Mexico City is today) Economy was based on agriculture and tribute from conquered people
Religion Was polytheistic Built pyramids Rituals included human sacrifice
Incan Civilization Located in the Andes Mountains of South America
Government and Economy Ruled by an Emperor Major cities included Machu Picchu and Cuzco Economy based on high altitude agriculture Built a road system to facilitate trade and communication
Religion • Polytheistic • Created the Nazca lines • Did not have a writing system • Used quipus to keep records
Achievements of Mayan, Aztec and Incan Civilizations Calendars Mathematics Writing and other record-keeping systems