Cities and Civilizations

1. Cities and Civilizations

2. Cities and Civilizations Seminar We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE AGE

3. What is the REVOLUTION?A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture Click on words and pictures for web links.

4. The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived. • Agriculture (Farming) • Growth of Cities • Division of Labor (Specialization) • Trade • Writing and Mathematics

5. GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations. Click on the map for an interactive website map of the four earliest river valley civilizations.

6. Early River Valley Civilizations Environment • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable • No natural barriers • Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Sumer • Flooding of the Nile predictable • Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages • Deserts were natural barriers Egypt Indus Valley • Indus flooding unpredictable • Monsoon winds • Mountains, deserts were natural barriers • Huang He flooding unpredictable • Mountains, deserts natural barriers • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations China

7. Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent • Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations • Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

8. The Fertile Crescent

9. Define “Fertile Crescent” A well-watered and fertile area, the fertile crescentarcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements.

10. Greeks called the northern part of the Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers” (Tigris River and Euphrates River) The southern part of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer. Which country is Mesopotamia today? (Iraq)

11. Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)ca. 3500 to 3000 BC.(ca. = circa) Sumer gave us the city-state. Define: city-state Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shares a culture with neighboring city states.

12. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Click on the picture for more information about cuneiform. Click here to write like a Babylonian. Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

13. Sumerians invented: • Brick technology • Wheel • Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees • Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute • 12 month lunar calendar • arch • ramp • ziggurat

14. Ziggurat – Holy Mountain Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

15. Babylon Gave us the first know written law code and was the first civilization where the citizens live by the “Rule of Law” Define “rule of law” Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

16. Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC Hammurabi’s Code was this law code. Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42 years. At the end of his long reign, Hammurabi’s legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a stone tablet in a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the earliest known legal systems. For more information about Hammurabi’s Code, click here and on the picture.

17. “If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death;also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put todeath.” The laws governed such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an eye.”

18. The Story of Mesopotamia

19. Review- How did Cities Form? • Create a graphic organizer illustrating the rise of cities.

20. EGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”(Herodotus) Look at the map and answer the following question: What did Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the “gift of the Nile?” Nile River Sahara Desert Because of the geography of the area, without the Nile River, there would be no Egypt.

21. Ancient Egypt Video

22. The River Nile Video

23. Egyptians invented: • Hieroglyphics • Pyramids • Geometry • Advances in medicine and surgery

24. Hieroglyphics Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable. Hieroglyphics Sacred Carving No one could read these sacred carvings until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone. Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.

25. Video: Write a short summary of the finding, translation, and importance of the Rosetta Stone. For more information on the Rosetta Stone, log on to one of the following web sites. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html OR http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/rosettastone.html

26. Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper. It is created from reeds growing along the Nile River. Papyrus

27. Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC Around 2600 B.C. the various regional cultures were united in what is called the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also commonly referred to as the Harappan culture after the town of Harappa (where it was first discovered.) Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley civilizations

28. Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive mud brick platforms that protected the inhabitants against seasonal floods. In the larger cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick. Each city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems. Much writing has been found at these sites, but it has not yet been translated.

29. Shang China1600 BC – 1122 BC Lack of contact with foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong sense of identity and superiority. They regarded their land as the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was at the center of the earth and the sole source of civilization.

30. The first true emperor of China, was Shi Huangdi. Turn to page 90. Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable achievement was the Great Wall. Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great Wall. Read the information under the pictures and send your teacher a postcard from one of the panoramic sites to show that you visited! Click on each picture here to see more information on Shi Huangdi and the Great Wall.