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Plant Nutrients

Plant Nutrients. Jason Gehrke 2164A, B, E, F, G. Macro Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium Sulfur. Micro Boron Copper Chlorine Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Zinc Iron. Macro/Micro Nutrients. Nitrogen Amino acid synthesis Proteins Chlorophyll Enzymes. Phosphorus

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Plant Nutrients

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  1. Plant Nutrients Jason Gehrke 2164A, B, E, F, G

  2. Macro Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium Sulfur Micro Boron Copper Chlorine Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Zinc Iron Macro/Micro Nutrients

  3. Nitrogen Amino acid synthesis Proteins Chlorophyll Enzymes Phosphorus Storage and transfer of energy as ATP Proteins Co-enzymes Make phospholipids and nucleic acids Macro-Nutrients

  4. Potassium Maintain plant cell structure (turgidity) Plant cell processes Enzyme activation Sugar translocation Magnesium Central atom of the chlorophyll molecule Aids in phosphorus uptake Macro-Nutrients

  5. Calcium Maintains Plant cell walls and cell division Sulfur Required for several amino acids Cell respiration Crucial for protein synthesis Macro-Nutrients

  6. Deficienies • Color • Yellowing of leaves (chlorosis) • Nitrogen • Potassium • Plant Stunting • Decrease in flower budding • Decrease in Plant Size

  7. Boron Flowering, fruiting, cell division Translocation of sugars in plants Copper Chlorophyll synthesis Catalyst for respiration Catalyst for carbohydrate and protein metabolism MicroNutrients

  8. Manganese Crucial in chlorophyll synthesis Phosphorylation Activation of enzymes Carbohydrate metabolism Molybdenum Protein Synthesis Required by some enzymes MicroNutrients

  9. Zinc An enzyme activator Chlorophyll production Iron Enzyme reactions Chlorophyll production MicroNutrients

  10. Nutrient Uptake • Process • Minerals dissolve in water and become small electrically charged particles (ions) • Soil surface is negatively charged • Positive minerals bind to negative soil surface • Water displaces the minerals in the soil • Free minerals are absorbed by plant root cells

  11. pH • Indicates the level of acidity or alkalinity • Acidity pH < 7 (less than) • Alkalinity pH > 7 (greater then) • Plants prefer soil pH around 6.0-7.0 • Many nutrients are abundant in this range • pH preference is different for each plant • Low pH can kill microorganism Example: nitrogen fixing bacteria

  12. pH and Nutrient Availability www.avocadosource.com/ tools/FertCalc_files/pH.htm

  13. Nutrient Sources • Natural Organisms • Crop Residues • Animal Wastes • Commercial Fertilizers

  14. Nutrient Sources • Natural Organisms • Nodulation • Mycorrhiza http://www.arspb.org/publications/soy97/rootc.jpg

  15. Nodulation • Symbiotic relationship is Mutualism between legume plants roots and bacteria • Rhizobacteria- living soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas N2 to ammonia NH3 • Attach to root hairs of plants and plant roots curl around them • Bacteria stimulate the root cortex cells to divide • Form a nodule www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ program/ub2002/rhiz_host.htm

  16. Nodulation • Nodule is a modified lateral root with own meristem and vascular tissue. • 1/3 of nitrogen for plant comes from fixation • 3 different rhizobacteria, each specific to a legume species http://www.legumetechnology.co.uk/Pics/bi1.jpg

  17. Mycorrhiza • Symbiotic relationship is Mutualism • Fungal hyphae closely associate with active root • Fungus uses photosynthates flowing from shoot to root as a source of food • Plant receives phosphate taken up by mycorrhiza from the soil • http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosI-M/mycorrhiza.jpg

  18. Crop Residues • Left over crops are chopped up and plowed under soil • Corn stalks • Alfalfa • Sunflowers http://abe.www.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/erosbmp/images/cropresi.jpg

  19. Animal Wastes • Animal wastes differ with different • Animal types • Feeds fed to animals • Human handling (dry or wet storage) www.ontariocorn.org/.../ soilccr_mcropres.htm

  20. Commercial Fertilizers • Types • Dry granules • Liquids • Gas • Grades • (N-P-K) www.ars.org/About_Roses/ fertilizing_food.htm

  21. Examples • Nitrogen • Ammonium Nitrate (33-0-0) dry granules • Urea (45-0-0) dry granules • Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) dry granules • Phosphorus • Super phosphate (0-20-0) contains 24% sulfur • Potassium • Potassium chloride (0-0-62) dry granules

  22. 10-10-10 http://www.agr.state.nc.us/cyber/kidswrld/plant/Fertbag.GIF

  23. Conversions • Nitrogen • No conversion needed 100% nitrogen • Phosphorus is in the form P2O5 • Atomic weight P=31, O=16 • 2(31) + 5(16) = 142 • P = %P/total weight, so 62/142 = 0.44 • P= 44% of P2O5 • Potassium is in the form K2O • Atomic weight K=39.1, O=16 • 2(39.1) + (16) = 94.2 • K = %/K/total weight, so 78.2/94.2 = 0.83 • K= 83% of P2O5

  24. In 1500 lbs of Fertilizer N= 1500 x .10 = 150 lbs P2O5= 1500 x .25 = 375 lbs K2O= 1500 x .30 = 450 lbs Example Conversion 10-25-30

  25. In 1500 lbs of Fertilizer N= 1500 x .10 = 150 lbs P2O5= 1500 x .25 = 375 lbs K2O= 1500 x .30 = 450 lbs Total amount of N-P-K N= 150 Lbs P = 375 x .44 = 165 lbs K= 450 x .83 = 373.5 lbs Example Conversion 10-25-30

  26. Nutrient Testing To determine how much fertilizer to apply have soil tested • Take soil sample to lab • Lab will test for available P & K in soil http://www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/images/fertsprd.jpg

  27. Environmental Factors • Soil Composition • Sandy soils will drain faster, hold less nutrients • Clay soils will retain more nutrients, but will drain slower • Water/Rain • Need some rain so fertilizer will dissolve if it is in dry granule form • Heavy rain will cause fertilizer to leach through soil pass plant roots • Too Little Water (drought conditions) and fertilizer application is worthless

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