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MANCHURIA CRISIS 1931-1933

MANCHURIA CRISIS 1931-1933. By Jazmine D. McBride. Manchuria is located in eastern Asia.

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MANCHURIA CRISIS 1931-1933

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  1. MANCHURIA CRISIS 1931-1933 By Jazmine D. McBride

  2. Manchuria is located in eastern Asia. Specifically in northeastern China. It includes the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin (Kirin or Chi-lin) and Liaoning. These places have always attracted much attention from outside powers because of their fertile lands and resources.

  3. WHAT IS THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS? • The Manchurian Crisis occurred between September 1931 and early 1933. The crisis was caused by Japanese forces invading China’s land (known here as Manchuria). • Despite China’s large size, they were unable to successfully fight off the invasion because they were too weak and fragmented.

  4. SEPTEMBER 1931 (The Beginning) • Mukden Incident- an explosion damaged a section of the South Manchurian Railroad track. • Japanese military advanced into South Manchuria. • October: US sat with the League of Nations Council to discuss the evolvement of the Manchurian Crisis. • Japanese failed to respond to warnings from the international organization. Possibility of imposing economic sanctions was discussed.

  5. December: The League called for the creation of a group of people to go and assess the state of the crisis. Japan supported this idea because they knew that it would delay The League’s decision, and allot more time for the Japanese forces to acquire more territory. • The group that was sent to investigate the crisis was known as the Lytton Commission. (named for British diplomat Lord Lytton) • The Lytton Commission was not appointed until January 1932, did not arrive in Manchuria until April.

  6. However, the US struggled with dividing opinion on the Crisis. • The Hoover administration made it clear that economic sanctions were a likely road to was and opposed them. • This statement put the government as odds with newspaper editorialists. • In December 1931, the US declared that they wouldn’t be taking any part in the Far East ordeal. • January 1932, effective Chinese resistance ended. • Secretary Stimson sent a note to China and Japan stating that the US would not recognize any agreements made regarding Manchuria that impaired US rights under existing treaties. • This policy of non- recognition became known as the Stimson Doctrine.

  7. Secretary Stimson sent a note to China and Japan stating that the US would not recognize any agreements made regarding Manchuria that impaired US rights under existing treaties. • This policy of non-recognition became known as the Stimson Doctrine.

  8. JANUARY 29, 1932 • Major Japanese offensive was launched against the city of Shanghai. • Thousands of men, women, and children were killed in the bombing and subsequent fires. • Widespread international revulsion over the Japanese action. • However, few were willing to press matters to the brink of war. • Stimson held strong feelings about this situation, but had to recognize the president’s warning of pressing the Japanese too hard because doing so would bring the US into the crisis.

  9. Stimson was determined to make his point. • He sent an open letter to William E. Borah, Architect of the Washington Conference. • The letter provides a lengthy examination of recent treaties pertaining to the Far East and the development of the Open Door Policy. • This letter was not intended for Stimson’s benefit but for a broader audience of Japan, Britain, China, the League of Nations and the American public.

  10. Japanese troops in China’s territory of Manchuria.

  11. March: Stimson’s “shirtsleeves diplomacy” was rewarded when the assembly of the League of Nations adopted a resolution containing language similar to that of the Stimson Doctrine. • As a result, Tokyo backed down. A withdrawal of troops from Shanghai that was complete in late May followed. • The crisis passed.

  12. However, Japanese desire to dominate neighboring areas in the Far East remained. • September 15, 1932: Tokyo extended official recognition to Manchukuo. • Manchukuo was supposedly an independent state that had been created in Manchuria. It was actually no more than a puppet-state that remained closed to the rest of the world. Only Germany and Italy joined Japan in granting diplomatic recognition.

  13. In October 1932, the Lytton Commission issued its report labeling Japan as the aggressor, but acknowledging that the Japanese had historic special interests in Manchuria. • In early 1933, the League of Nations backed the commission's findings and the United States indicated that it was in “substantial accord” with the League. • The Japanese were stung by this rebuke and on March 27 they informed the League of their intention to withdraw from the international body. • Relations between Japan and China remained strained in the following years, then finally erupted into full-scale war in 1937.

  14. BIBLIOGRAPHY • http://www.gcsehistory.org.uk/modernworld/appeasement/manchuriancrisis.htm • http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1499.html

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