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Americans and the World in Crisis 1933-1945

Americans and the World in Crisis 1933-1945. Chapter 25. Foreign Policy 1933-1939. Latin America Good Neighbor Policy Pan American Conference 1933 Formal convention signed Withdrew American troops Renounced Platt Amendment Economic interference instead of military Tested Cuba

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Americans and the World in Crisis 1933-1945

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  1. Americans and the World in Crisis1933-1945 Chapter 25

  2. Foreign Policy 1933-1939 • Latin America • Good Neighbor Policy • Pan American Conference 1933 • Formal convention signed • Withdrew American troops • Renounced Platt Amendment • Economic interference instead of military • Tested • Cuba • Economic crisis 1933 • No direct intervention • Mexico • Reform government in power 1936 • Seized US and British oil companies • Compensation agreements reached

  3. Rise of Aggressive states in Europe and Asia • Soviet Union • Formally recognized in 1933 by US • Joseph Stalin leader • Communist • Japan • Hideki Tojo • Wanted natural resources • Invasion of China 1931 • Rape of Nanking 1937 • Italy • Benito Mussolini • Fascist leader • Wanted new Roman Empire • Starts with Ethiopia • Germany • Totalitarian government • Adolf Hitler • Starts rearmament of Germany • Munich Conference 1938

  4. America stays NEUTRAL • Keeping with the Trend • Isolationist since 1920s • America First Committee • Charles Lindbergh, Coughlin • Gerald Nye • WWI investigations • “merchants of death” • Gathering Storm • Neutrality Acts 1935-1937 • FDR’s “quarantine aggressors” • Axis Actions • Japan violates naval treaties 1936 • Germany violates Munich Pact • FDR’s response • Actions “short of war” • $300 million war appropriations • 1.3 billion defense budget

  5. War in Europe • Germany invades Poland 9/1/1939 • Breaks Treaty of Versailles • Britain and France declare war • German invades Baltic spring 1940 • US response • Stay neutral but amend acts • “cash and carry” policy • US economy benefitted • France surrenders 6/22/1940 • Hitler turns to Britain • Air raids and u-boats • Reelection • FDR limited in order for reelection • Unprecedented 3rd term • Defeats (R) Wendell Willkie • Action • Selective Service Act 1940 • “Lend-lease” program • Cash provision scrapped • Atlantic Charter 1941

  6. Pearl Harbor 12/07/1941 • Lead up • US threat to Japan’s global policy • 1940 US ended treaty with Japan • Japan signs Tripartite Act with Germany and Italy 1940 • Invades French Indochina • FDR freezes Japanese assets in US • Imposes oil embargo • Coming War • Japan increasingly threatening to US • Codes broken, attack imminent • Attack • Pearl Harbor attack technically victory for Japan • 350 aircraft destroyed, 2,400 killed, 1,200 wounded • Japan continues attack on Philippines, Malaya, and Hong Kong • Response • US Declaration of War 12/08/1941

  7. Mobilizing for War • Selective Service Act 1940 • Four Freedoms Speech • 1941 • 1.6 million in Armed Forces • 15% industrial output • War Powers Act • Unprecedented presidential authority • Joint Chiefs of Staff • Army, Navy, and Air Force • Office of Strategic Services • Forerunner to CIA • Combated espionage

  8. Wartime Industry • War Production Board (WPB) • Allocated materials • Directed conversion of peacetime industries to war industries • $100 million in contracts in 1st ½ of 1942 • War Manpower Commission (WMC) • Supervised mobilization • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Mediated disputes between labor and management • Unions asked not to strike • Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Rationed scare products • Imposed price controls • 1942 Justice James Brynes • “Assistant President” • In charge of Domestic war effort • Assembly Line • 1942 ½ economy geared for war • Equaled Germany, Italy, and Japan’s output combined • Created synthetic rubber • Greatest Weapons manufacturer • Henry Ford • Henry Kaiser “liberty ships” • 1944 Economic Bill of Rights • Not enacted by Congress • Consequences • Powers of government swelled • Defense spending increased • Federal budget soared • Fed. Civilian employees increased

  9. War Economy • $320 billion cost • Ended depression • Unemployment vanished • Stimulated industrial booms • Doubled output and GNP • Real wages increased • Investment in America • West • $40 billion investment • LA 2nd largest manufacturing center • South • Textile, oil, natural gas • Shipyards, aircraft plants • A New America • Per capita income tripled • Only shift EVER towards greater equality • Middle class created • Large scale farmers profited • Higher prices • Increased productivity • Farm consolidation • 1st income tax • Labor Unions • From 9 to 14.8 million • “maintenance of membership” • Limited wildcat strikes • Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes 1943 • Limited union power • Inflation • Congress gave FDR control • Combated with rationing • Raised taxes

  10. Propaganda • Office of Censorship • Suppression of information • Banned photos of American dead until 1943 • Office of War Information • Employed 4,000 artists, writers, advertisers • Norman Rockwell • Countered enemy propaganda • Moral struggle between good and evil • Hollywood helped • Reinforced through movies, on radio • News programs • Cartoons, Superheroes

  11. The Battlefront 1942-1944 • Europe • Operation Torch Nov. 1942 • North Africa • Led by Gen. Eisenhower • Surrender of Rommel • Battle of Stalingrad • Huge Russian victory • Italy 1943 • Allied invasion • Spread to Peninsula • Difficult campaign • D-Day June 4, 1944 • Allied invasion of France • Largest sea-land operation • Operation Overlord • Led by Eisenhower • Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944 • Month-long battle • Decisive Allied victory • Asia • Philippines 1942 • MacArthur leaves troops • Hides in Australia • 78,000 surrender • Bataan Death March • Battle at Coral Sea May 1942 • 1st all-plane battle • Midway 1942 • Crucial US outpost • Broke Jap signal • Destroyed large portion of Japanese army • Guadalcanal Aug.1942 • Had to deal with Malaria • 6 bitter months of battle • Two-pronged advanced • Island-Hopping • new strategy

  12. Politics Abroad And At Home • Casablanca 1943 • 1st conference of “big three” • Meet to define goals • Teheran • 2nd meeting • Goals: • FDR • Total defeat of Axis powers • Establishment of world order strong enough to preserve peace and open-trade • Churchill • Balance of power in Europe • Retain imperial possessions • Soviet Union • Permanently weakened Germany • Sphere of influence in Eastern Europe • 1944 Election • Wallace dropped as VP • Truman more conservative • Republican challenger Thomas Dewey • Smallest margin of victory for FDR

  13. American Society • Home Front • Mass internal migration • New job opportunities • Urbanization • Housing shortages • Prosperity after depression • Conservation • Victory garden • Consumer goods shortage • Psychological effects • High divorce rates • Family violence • Juvenile delinquency • Traditional conventions strengthened

  14. Women on the Home Front • More opportunities • Thousands of jobs opened • Not just “white collar” • More married women hired • “Rosie the Riveter” • “making history while working for victory” • Education • Teachers, students leave schools • Colleges forced to admit more women

  15. African American Life • Status • 9/10 lived below poverty line • Earned only 39% of white income • Unemployment will drop 80% during WWII • “Double- V” campaign 1942 • Victory over Axis powers AND discrimination • NAACP membership at 500,000 • CORE 1942 • Congress of Racial Equality • Non-violent methods • Against Jim Crow laws in north • Philip Randolph • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • “thundering march” 1941 • End discrimination in Armed Services • FDR compromised • Beginning of Civil Rights movement • Executive Order 8802 • 1st presidential directive on race • Prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies • 1 million served in Armed Forces • Restricted jobs • Few units • 7,000 officers • 761st tank battalion • Segregated units • Home Front Violence • Race Riots • Harlem 1943 (Mobile, Beaumont) • Detroit • 32 hours • 34 dead, 700 injured • $2 million in damage

  16. Other Ethnicities • American- Indians • 25,000 served in Armed Forces • Navajo “code-talkers” • Iwo Jima • Worked in defense industries on west coast • Incomes tripled • Discrimination • National Congress of American Indians 1944 • Mexicans • Braceros, temporary workers • Hostility against “zoot suits” • 350,000 served • Not segregated • Very decorated • Gays/Lesbians • New opportunities • Freedom • Veteran’s Benevolent Association 1945 • Japanese • Suffered most • Over 100,000 interned or placed in relocation camps • Reflected 40 years of anti-Japanese sentiment • Supreme Court upheld with Korematsu case 1944 • $2 billion in property loss • Later compensated

  17. The Holocaust • When did America know? • Leaked early 1942 • No photographs • Not believed • Nov. 1942 State Department admits knowledge • How much could have been done?

  18. Finishing the War • Europe • March 1945 • Crossed into heartland • V-E Day • Berlin surrounded • Hitler's suicide • Surrender May 8th, 1945 • FDR dies April 12, 1945 • Yalta Conference • End of War in sight • US • Wants to pressure GB about India • Wants free elections in Eastern Europe • Dollar replaces pound • Soviet Union • Has advantage • Wants Manchuria • Wants Eastern Europe • Japan/ Asia • 1945 Iwo Jima • “meat grinder” • June 1945 Okinawa • Brutal war, mass casualties • Japan holds to “bitter end” • How many Americans would die? • Potsdam Conference • Truman announces Atomic Bomb • Japan warned • Enola Gay 8/6/1945 • Destroys Hiroshima • Nagasaki 8/8/1945 • 90,000 + dead • 130,000+ injured • Japan’s surrender • Unconditional August 14, 1945 • Officially September 2, 1945

  19. Was it Justified?

  20. Costs of the A-Bomb

  21. Conclusion • Deadliest war in history • 20 million dead, 25 million civilians • 7.5 million Russians • 3.5 million Germans • 1.2 million Japanese • 2.2 million Chinese • 6 million Jews • Asia/Europe in rubble • United Nations created • America • Middle class created • “can-do” attitude • World superpower

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