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Psychology Final Exam Review

Psychology Final Exam Review. Use these slides as flashcards to help you study for the big day!!! Good Luck!!!. UNIT 1 (Ch 1 and 2). Define Psychology:. scientific study of behavior and mental processes. List the four main goals of psychology.

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Psychology Final Exam Review

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  1. Psychology Final Exam Review Use these slides as flashcards to help you study for the big day!!! Good Luck!!!

  2. UNIT 1 (Ch 1 and 2)

  3. Define Psychology: • scientific study of behavior and mental processes

  4. List the four main goals of psychology. • to observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

  5. Describe what a developmental psychologist, biological psychologist, would study. • developmental psychologist- the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning • Erikson is an example of a developmental psychologist • Bio- A psychologist that studies neurotransmitters and their effects on a depressed patient

  6. What are the characteristics/key terms for the evolutionary and socio-cultural perspective? • Evolutionary example- most women prefer physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors’ genes • Socio-cultural example- the unusually low incidence of alcoholism among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalisticreligious influences in that region

  7. UNIT 2 (Ch 2 and 15)

  8. Define population (in an experiment). • A study randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the schools students = all the children attending the school are considered to be a population

  9. What is the difference between a representative sample and a random sample? • Representative sample- small selection of a statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population • Random sample- various small selection of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) • Example of random sample: send a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar’s alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students

  10. Describe the differences between a naturalistic observation and a case study. • Naturalistic observation- • In natural environment; no influence • Watching students during recess • Case Study • one person over a long period of time

  11. What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group (be sure to know how to label both if given an example)? • Control group (second group): • Not given the independent variable (not messed with) • second group of people is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. • Double blind study- • Neither you nor the experimenters know which pill is which for an experiment (placebo or medication)

  12. What is the independent variable? Dependant variable? (be sure to know how to label both if given an example) In order to study the effects of lighting on mood, the professor had students fill out surveys in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms. • IV- room lighting • DV- mood

  13. What is a TAT? • Thematic Apperception Test, • in which people are asked to create stories based on pictures and drawings. These stories can be used to measure attitudes toward other people as well as achievement motivation. • Ex: a picture of two women as part of a personality test and asked to create a story to go with it

  14. What is the purpose of the MMPI-2? • reveal psychological problems

  15. What were the conclusions of the Milgram study on obedience? • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process.

  16. UNIT 3 (Ch 6)

  17. What is the difference between positive/negative reinforcement/ punishment? (draw the chart from class) Give an example for each. • Positive reinforcement- given candy for correct answer • Negative reinforcement- Someone who becomes too warm in the sun moves into the shade. • Positive punishment- spanking • Negative punishment- take cell phone away for being home late

  18. What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning? • in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli

  19. What important conclusion did we learn from the Bobo Doll Study (Bandura). • watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior

  20. What is classical conditioning? Give a famous example of an experiment done to test this. • CC- learn to react to something completely new (no control over response) • rubbing alcohol is used prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Now you feel scared when you smell rubbing alcohol

  21. What is shaping? Give an example. • Giving rewards for steps toward a desired behavior • Toilet training, teaching a parrot to say your name, etc.

  22. UNIT 4 (Ch 7)

  23. Explain the stages of information storage. • 1st stage- sensory memory • STM • LTM

  24. Name ways to transfer information from sensory memory to short-term memory? • Paying attention contributes to info storage by causing the transfer of info from sensory memory to short-term memory

  25. What is one disadvantage of maintenance rehearsal? • It does not connect to past learning.

  26. What is the common cause for dissociative amnesia? • traumatic event

  27. List the brain parts involved in memory. Circle the part that helps with the transfer of memories from short-term to long-term storage. Underline the part that helps store flashbulb memories. • Flashbulb memory- amygdale • Transferring memories from STM to LTM--hippocampus

  28. What is infantile amnesia? What part of the brain hasn’t fully matured? • A major reason why we don't have memories before the age of three-- • hippocampus

  29. What is semantic encoding? Give an example. • MEANINGFUL encoding; ability to memorize facts and information • During infancy people are unable to verbally label most of their experiences. Therefore long-term memories often requires semantic encoding

  30. UNIT 5 (Ch 14 and 15)

  31. What is personality? • pattern of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another

  32. Name Freud’s 3 basic psychological structures of the mind. • id, ego, and superego

  33. Describe Erikson’s developmental stages on trust, role confusion, and integrity. • basic trust: securely attached children develop trust • Integrity: An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion • role confusion: Lolita fluctuates between acting rebellious toward her parents and high school teachers and behaving with compliance and respect

  34. Who believed that every person’s conscious sense of self can be characterized by thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensation? • Carl Jung

  35. UNIT 6 (Ch 17-19)

  36. What is the DSM-IV? • the name of the most widely used classification scheme for psychological disorders

  37. Describe 3 things a psychologist must identify in a patient in order to determine that the patient has a psychological disorder. • Maladaptive • Causes emotional discomfort • Socially acceptable or not

  38. Describe the symptoms of a person with bipolar disorder (both the manic and depressed phases). • delusions about their superior abilities.—manic phase • recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.—depression phase • feelings of worthlessness or guilt.—depression phase

  39. A senior in high school has had a stressful month: he broke up with their girlfriend, his 11 year old dog died, he needed to pass his Economics final in order to graduate, and now he has an interview for a scholarship to help pay for his college education (which his family can’t afford if he doesn’t get it). His parents are very worried that the stress is getting to him. If they sent him to the doctor, what might his doctor recommend as a treatment? • prescribe anti-anxiety drugs

  40. Describe the symptoms of a panic attack • heart pounding, had trouble breathing, felt dizzy, started sweating, and felt as if she were going to die

  41. What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion? • Obsession = thought • Compulsion = behavior

  42. Describe the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. • believes that the FBI and the CIA have implanted listening devices or are watching them

  43. If a person has bipolar disorder and they are in the manic phase, what neurotransmitter do they have large amount of in their brain? • norepinephrine

  44. If a person has depression, what happens in the chemical balance of the brain? (in other words, what is the biochemical cause of depression?) • The brain does not take in enough norepinephrine • A psychiatrist would have a person take an anti-depressant which —increases norepinephrine

  45. If a person is taking a drug that blocks the dopamine receptors in the brain, what disorder are they being treated for? • schizophrenia

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