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Intelligence

Intelligence. What is intelligence?. Varies by culture Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks Test performance is influenced by cultural experiences. Is your “ IQ ” from nature or nurture?. IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ). IQ partly based on heredity.

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence

  2. What is intelligence? • Varies by culture • Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks • Test performance is influenced by cultural experiences

  3. Is your “IQ” from nature or nurture? • IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ)

  4. IQ partly based on heredity Identical twins reared separately have more similar IQ than fraternal twins reared together.

  5. Is your “IQ” nature or nurture? • IQ and birth parents (Childrearing effects IQ)

  6. Is your IQ one general ability or several specific abilities? • Factor analysis • Used to determine if intelligence is one or a cluster of traits • Clusters: verbal, mathematical, spatial, reasoning abilities • General intelligence • Spearman’s “G” factor • A general capacity that underlies all specific mental abilities

  7. What types of intelligence are there? Emotional Cognitive Unique

  8. What is emotional intelligence? • Ability to express, understand, and process emotions • Being very empathic

  9. What is cognitive intelligence? Math Reading comprehension

  10. What is unique intelligence? Savant Syndrome Incredible ability in one area Numbers, drawing, music, memory Savants are often autistic or have other developmental disability with a very unusual talent in one area. Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Camera – Drawn after one heliocopter ride over New York

  11. Do you remember? • How does culture effect IQ scores? • How do we know IQ is partly based on heredity? • What is emotional intelligence? • What is cognitive intelligence? • What is the savant syndrome?

  12. How did intelligence testing begin? • Originally designed to measure cognitive aptitude • Alfred Benet • Predicted school achievement with mental age • Eg. A 9 year old child has a mental age of 9 • Lewis Terman (From Stanford University) • Created the American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test • Developed the “Stanford-Binet” IQ test

  13. What is the intelligence Quotient (IQ)? • Mental age divided by chronological age X 100 • E.g. 15 divided by 15 X 100 = 100 • 10 divided by 8 X 100 = 125 • Worked well for children but not adults • Today’s IQ tests compare the person’s performance to others of his own age (100 is average)

  14. What standard intelligence tests are there? WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

  15. Other tests • Achievement tests - Measure what has been learned • Calculus test • Aptitude tests - Predicting ability • A test of your capacity to learn • College entrance exams ( SAT & GRE exams)

  16. Do you remember? • How do you calculate IQ based on the older method? • What was the problem with this method? • What is the difference between achievement tests and aptitude tests?

  17. What should you look for when creating tests? • Validity • Reliability • Standardization

  18. What is validity? • Measuring what it is supposed to measure • Content validity • College exams • Driver’s license exam • Criterion validity • Test compared to criterion group • (e.g. depressed patients) • Predictive Validity • SAT & GRE exams

  19. What is reliability? • Consistent results • Internal consistency • Odd v.s. even questions

  20. What is standardization? • Scores relative to a pre-tested group • Based on a bell shaped normal curve • Ave. a score of intelligence test = 100

  21. Do you remember? • If a test has validity, what does that mean? • If a test has reliability, what does that mean? • Discuss the three types of validity? • What is standardization, and how did that change the meaning of IQ? • What is the concept of the normal bell curve that IQ is based on?

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