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Water Quality Issues from Dairy Farms in the Northeast

Water Quality Issues from Dairy Farms in the Northeast. Peter Wright, State Conservation Engineer Natural Resources Conservation Service Syracuse NY Curt Gooch, PRO-DAIRY Environmental Specialist Cornell University. Dairy Farm Polluted Water Sources. Concentrated Sources: Waste Wash water

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Water Quality Issues from Dairy Farms in the Northeast

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  1. Water Quality Issues from Dairy Farms in the Northeast Peter Wright, State Conservation Engineer Natural Resources Conservation Service Syracuse NY Curt Gooch, PRO-DAIRY Environmental Specialist Cornell University

  2. Dairy Farm Polluted Water Sources Concentrated Sources: Waste Wash water Barnyard runoff Silage Leachate Manure Storage Spreading

  3. Concentrated Sources • Amounts and concentrations vary • daily • seasonally • from farm to farm • They can be Managed • When Rain Driven the impact is less • diluted • not observed

  4. Concentrations

  5. Annual Load from Concentrated Sources

  6. Conclusions • Concentrated sources need to be controlled • Prevention is key • Look for low cost alternatives to treatment

  7. Prevention • Eliminate • Reduce • Reuse

  8. Wash Water Reduction • Eliminate Leaks and Spills • Manually rinse or scrape first • Reuse gray water • Design system for easy cleaning

  9. Quantities • Range 1-40 gal/cow/day • Typical 2-5 gal/cow/day

  10. Reduce at the Source • Feed Milk • First flush • Colostrum, treated milk • Scrape Manure • Parlor and holding area floors • Correct Soap Amounts • No Precooler Water

  11. Treatment • Aerobic – with oxygen • Low odors • Fast rate • By products • - Carbon dioxide and water

  12. Treatment • Anaerobic – without oxygen • Odors produced • Slow rate • By products • - plug soil pores

  13. Liquid Manure System • Advantages • Easy • Low pollution potential • Helps manure flow • Disadvantages • More to haul • Larger storage needed

  14. Liquid Manure System • 1,000 gal. of milkhouse wastes may contain: • 1.67 lbs. Nitrogen • 0.83 lbs. Phosphorus • 2.50 lbs. Potassium • 5.00 lbs. of nutrients @ $0.25/lb. = $1.25 • Spreading costs: • 1,000 gallons @ $0.005 per gal. = $5.00

  15. Grass Filter • Advantages • Lower cost • Efficient treatment • Small space • Disadvantages • Needs O&M • Extreme cold weather problems

  16. Settling Tank and Pump

  17. Milking Center Waste • Estimated Nitrogen Fate • Immobilized Soil OM 21% • Denitrified 30% • Crop Uptake 32% • Leaching 17% • Total 100%

  18. Milking Center Waste • Estimated Nitrogen Fate • Immobilized Soil OM 68 Lbs. • Denitrified 98 Lbs. • Crop Uptake 104 Lbs. • Leaching 55 Lbs. • Total 325 Lbs.N/Acre • 1.3 Lbs N/cow /year 250 Cows

  19. Barnyards • Eliminate • Reduce the size • Reduce the runoff • Exclude outside water • Pavement increases runoff • Vital to control runoff flow

  20. NRCS Standard • Source Control • Scrape, time in barnyard, waterers • Solid removal • 15 minutes of 2 yr 24 hr rainfall • Cleaned out • Filter area larger of: • 15 min. flow time for 25 yr 24 hr storm 0.5 inches deep OR • 500Lbs N per acre per year

  21. Abuse Areas • Purpose? • Increased loading • Fences can be moved • Image

  22. Barnyards • Sized correctly • Clean surface water diverted • Paved and curbed • Runoff controlled

  23. Vegetated filter strip to treat BOTH: barnyard runoff and milkhouse wastewater

  24. VFS has Two Discharge Points Milkhouse wastewater P concentrations Avg - 16 mg/L, Range from 10 to 21 mg/L

  25. Screens and Collector Drop Box

  26. Grass VFS Performance as Percent P Removal

  27. Barnyard Runoff • Estimated Nitrogen Fate • Immobilized Soil OM 20% • Denitrified 20% • Volatilization 20% • Crop Uptake 30% • Leaching 10% • Total 100%

  28. Barnyard Runoff • Estimated Nitrogen Fate • Immobilized Soil OM 100 Lbs. • Denitrified 100 Lbs. • Volatilization 100 Lbs. • Crop Uptake 150 Lbs. • Leaching 50 Lbs. • Total 500 Lbs. N/Acre

  29. Barnyard Runoff • Assumptions: • 20 gallons manure /cow per day • 32 Lbs. N/1000 gallons of manure • 230 Lbs. N / cow per year • Time in barnyard proportional to manure left • Daily cleaning leaves 10% available to flow • Settling removes 25% of N

  30. Barnyard Runoff • 230 Lbs. N / cow per year • 10% Time in barnyard • 23 Lbs. N/cow/yr. • Daily cleaning leaves 10% available to flow • 2.3 Lbs. N/cow/yr. • Settling removes 25% of N • 1.7 Lbs. N/cow/yr.

  31. Pollution Prevention • Eliminate • Reduce • Recycle

  32. Barnyard • Purpose? • Holding • Feeding or water • Resting • Exercise • Heat detection • Eliminate!!

  33. Bunk Silos • Storage of: • Silage juice • Runoff • Drainage water • 25 year 24 hour storm • Silage leachate is very high in BOD, N and P

  34. Solutions • Catch and store it all • Then spread according to a NMP • Roof the Storage • Collect only the concentrated low flow • Treat dilute high flows in a grass filter

  35. Effluent Varies • Silage juice • Dry matter • Runoff from rainfall • Outside water • Amount of empty bunk area • Evaporation • Other commodities

  36. Conclusions: • Concentrated Sources Need to be Controlled • Prevention is Key • Look for Low Cost Alternatives to Treatment

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