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World War II

World War II. 1939-1945. Appeasement. Policy begun by Britain and France Instituted to prevent war and possibly right the wrongs done by the Treaty of Versailles

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World War II

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  1. World War II 1939-1945

  2. Appeasement • Policy begun by Britain and France • Instituted to prevent war and possibly right the wrongs done by the Treaty of Versailles • Included no reaction to rearmament, conscription (1935) re-occupation of the Rhineland (1936), anschluss with Austria (1938), taking of the Sudetenland (1938), and taking of Czechoslovakia • Many believed that Hitler could stop the progress of Communism and act as a defense against it’s influence

  3. Hitler’s Germany • Hitler’s Goals • Lebensraum • Uniting all Germans • Abolish the Treaty of Versailles • Rearmament • 1933 – begins training of “road crew” • 1935 • Introduced conscription • Increased spending on arms • Huge rearmament rally. • Naval agreement with Britain allowed German navy of 35% of British navy. • Increased airforce to 8,250 by 1939. • Steps to War • Rhineland • Anschluss • Sudetenland • Czechoslovakia • Poland

  4. Europe 1939 -1940 • Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 23, 1939 • Hitler invades Poland September 1, 1939 • Blitzkrieg • September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany • The Phoney War • April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark and Norway • Churchill becomes Prime Minister • May 10, 1940 Germany invades France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg • Germans attack France through the Ardennes

  5. Europe 1940 • May 26, 1940 Allied troops evacuate from Dunkirk • June 12, 1940 Italy declares war on France • June 14, 1940 Germans take Paris • June 22, 1940 France signs armistice with Hitler (Petain becomes the new premier of Vichy France) • France divided into occupied and un-occupied territory – Vichy France is un-occupied territory but under control of Hitler

  6. North Africa and the Mediterranean 1940 - 1943 • Mediterranean • Important for trade, military, and oil supplies • British wanted it for trade and to protect the Suez Canal • Mussolini wanted it “Italian Lake” • Hitler wanted it to get control of Britain’s oil supplies in Iraq and Persia (Iran) • Balkans - Germans and Italians occupy Greece, Yugoslavia • North Africa • Italians invade Egypt, Sept. 1940 • British begin offensive against Italians in North Africa, Dec. 1940 • Battle of Tobruk, January 1941 Italians defeated by O’Connor – also Sidi Barrani, Bardia, Benghazi, and El Alghelia • Hitler sends Rommel (“Desert Fox”) and the Afrika Korps fight back – takes Libya back • British on the defensive, pushed back to El Alamein

  7. North Africa and the Mediterranean 1940 – 1943 (Con’t) • Battle of El Alamein • Montgomery defeats Rommel, pushes him back to Libya • Beginning in late 1942 Montgomery begins defeating Rommel, then Patton lands in Morocco • Operation Torch • American and British led by Patton land in Morocco and Algeria • German troops land in Tunisia to help Rommel

  8. Europe 1941 • Operation Sealion – Invasion of Britain after the defeat of the RAF • The Battle of Britain– Luftwaffe v. RAF (July-Sept. 1941) • The Blitz – September 7, 1941 – May 1942 • The Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1944) • Battle for control of the North Atlantic Ocean

  9. The War becomes a World War • Attack on Russia, begins Eastern Front – June 1941 • Attack on America, begins war in the Pacific - December 7, 1941

  10. Eastern Front 1941-1943 • Operation Barbarossa – June 1941 • Blitzkrieg – very successful against Russia • Scorched Earth Policy and guerilla units used by Russia • 3 groups of Germans invade – 1 to Leningrad (North), 1 to Moscow (Center), 1 to the Ukraine (South) • January 1942 Russians pushing them out from Moscow • Hitler orders Paulus to take Stalingrad “whatever the cost” • Battle of Stalingrad – Sept. 1942-January 1943 • Germans surrounded in Stalingrad • Cut off from supplies by Soviet planes • Paulus surrenders Jan. 31 +300,000 soldiers • Battle of Leningrad – Sept. 8, 1941- January 18, 1944 • 670,000 Russians estimated (up to 1.2 million) died from starvation • Operation Spark ends the seige

  11. War in the Pacific 1941-1942 • Pearl Harbor attacked Dec. 7, 1941 • United Nations declaration signed, January 1, 1942 • Japanese take over Manila (Americans in the Bataan Peninsula) Nimitz in charge of Pacific • Then Take KL, Borneo, Mali, Sumatra, Timor, Singapore, Burma, Java, Corregidor – Battle of Java Sea, Battle of Coral Sea • Bataan Death March – 75,000 down to 54,000 (April) • Doolittle Raid – April • Battle of Midway – 4 Japanese carriers lost! – Turning Point for the Allies (enigma machine captured) • Guadalcanal, another limited victory

  12. War in Europe (with American soldiers) 1942 • January – UN Declaration signed • January - Germans meet , decide Final Solution • March - first Jews arrive at Auschwitz • July – Treblinka extermination camp opens • December – a British diplomat informs the House of Commons of mass executions of Jews by the Nazis • December - Battle of Barents Sea • Between British and Germans • All 14 British merchant ships reached their destination • Hitler ends battleship program and concentrates on subs

  13. Turning Points 1943 • Battle of Kursk • Operation Citadel • “Lucy” spy network helped Russians • Huge tank battle • Abandoned after huge losses and the defeat of Rommel in Tunisia • Broke the back of the Germans • Battle of El Alamein • The last stand for the Allies • Allies first cut off Rommel’s supplies • Forces the retreat of Rommel’s forces

  14. War in Europe and Africa 1943 • January - Casablanca Conference • Churchill and Roosevelt • January - Montgomery takes Tripoli • February - German’s surrender at Stalingrad • February - Soviets take back Kursk • March – Germans retreat from Tunisia • March - Battle of Atlantic at its height • 27 Merchant ships sunk by U-boats • April – Warsaw ghetto uprising • June – Himmler orders elimination of all Jewish ghettos in Poland • July – Allies land in Sicily • July – Mussolini arrested, Italians surrender, Germans rescue him in Sept.

  15. Europe and Africa 1943 • October – Italy declares war on Germany • November - Russians recapture Kiev • November – Cairo Conference • Roosevelt , Churchill, Chiang-Kai Shek • November – Tehran Conference • Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

  16. Europe 1944 • January – Allies land at Anzio • January – Battle of Leningrad ends • March – Soviets begin pushing Germans back • June – Allies enter Rome • June 6 – D-Day (Operation Overlord) • British, Canadian, and U.S. troops (planned by Eisenhower) – invasion ofFortress Europe • Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno, and Sword • Allies misled Germans – calling up Patton to head up the invasion with a phantom army opposite Calais • 1st Airborne troops dropped, capture key bridges • 2nd followed up with landings at all 5 beaches, Omaha worst hit of all – 2,000 casualties

  17. Europe 1944 • June – 1st German V-1 Rocket used • July – Soviets capture Minsk • July 20 – Assassination attempt on Hitler fails • August – Allies take Paris, Soviets take Bucharest • September - Allies take back most of Belgium, most of France • October – Allies take Athens, Erwin Rommel commits suicide • October – last use of gas chambers in Auschwitz • December (- January) – Battle of the Bulge • Over 1 million fought – casualties – 100,000 German - 80,000 American – 1400 Brits • Hitler thought he could take Antwerp and create disagreements amongst the Allies • Hitler is unstable, making questionable decisions • December – Soviets take Budapest

  18. Europe 1945 • January – Soviets take Warsaw, liberate Auschwitz • February – Yalta Conference • Stalin, Churchill, FDR • February – Dresden destroyed • March - Allies take Danzig • April – Buchenwald liberated, FDR dies • April – Soviets reach Berlin, Americans in Nuremberg • April – Mussolini is hanged • April – Americans liberate Dachau • April 30 – Hitler commits suicide • May 7 – Unconditional surrender of German troops • May 8 – V-E Day • May 23 – Himmler commits suicide

  19. Europe and Pacific 1945 • June 5 – Allies divide Germany and Berlin • June 26 – UN Charter is signed • July – Potsdam Conference • July – Atlee becomes Prime Minister • August 6 – Bomb dropped on Hiroshima • August 8 – Soviets declare war on Japan • August 9 – Bomb dropped on Nagasaki • August 14 – Japanese surrender • August 15 – V-J (V-P) Day • October 24 – UN officially begins • November 20 – Nuremberg Trials begin

  20. Casablanca (Jan 14-24, 1943) Churchill, Roosevelt Plans to invade Sicily and Italy Decision to invade France in 1944 “unconditional surrender” Cairo (Nov. 23-26, 1943) Churchill, Roosevelt, Chiang Kai-Shek Return Manchuria to China, free Korea – strip Japan of all overseas territory Tehran (Nov. 28 – Dec 1, 1943) Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Plans for two-front war + postwar cooperation Russia to enter war vs. Japan Bretton Woods (July 1-15, 1944) Established the IMF Yalta (Feb 4-11, 1945) Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Stalin in a strong position Division of Germany decided The beginning of the Cold War? Gave USSR much of Eastern Europe United Nations Conference (April 25 – June 26, 1945) Reps from 50 countries October 24 is UN Day Potsdam (July 17 – Aug 2, 1945) Truman, Stalin, Churchill (Atlee) Demand Japanese surrender Agree on postwar Germany issues – 4 power Allied Control Council To Japan - Unconditional surrender or total destruction Main War Conferences

  21. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin at Yalta

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