Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia Volcan Del Fuego,Colima,Mexico Nyiragongo, Zaire/Congo, Africa

1. Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia • Volcan Del Fuego,Colima,Mexico • Nyiragongo, Zaire/Congo, Africa

2. Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cjTTu5A9iw

3. Overview: • Location • Type of volcano • Times of eruption • Magma type • Casualties

5. Location: • In the Andes mountains of South America. • In West-central Colombia.

6. Type of volcano: • Stratovolcano, also called composite volcano. • With an elevation of 5,389 m.

7. Times of eruption: • Nevado Del Ruiz generated killer mudflows in 1595. • Then again in 1845, hundreds died in settlements located at the site of Armero. • After the 1845 eruption Nevado Del Ruiz was quiet for 140 years. • People forget about the destruction and Armero was built on the same site, growing to a town of 30,000 by 1980

8. Cont. • Until the 1985 eruption that produced mudflows which reached the town of Armero.

10. Magma type: • High viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows. • Explosive eruption style. • Eruption types: Plinian

11. Casualties: • More than 23,000 people were killed. • 5,000 injured. • 5,00 homes were destroy.

12. Volcan Del Fuego Colima http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3EQiWnou4w

13. Overview: • Location • Type of volcano • Times of eruption • Magma type • Casualties

14. Location

15. Type of volcano • Composite or Stratovolcano • Considered Mexico’s most dangerous and active volcano • Erupted a few dozen times since the 1500’s

16. Location • 280 miles west of Mexico • Subduction zone between the Pacific plate and the North American plate • 13,325 ft. high • Pacific ‘Ring of fire’

17. Oceanic-Continental Subduction Zone

18. Ring of Fire

20. Magma type • High viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows • Explosive eruptive style(pyroclastic lava flow)

21. Nyiragongo, Congo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_meqhjQxb8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBro5jOG00s One of eight volcanoes in the Virunga National Park.

22. Overview: • Location • Type of volcano • Times of eruption • Magma type • Casualties

25. East African Rift Zone

27. Nyiragongo, Strato or Shield??

28. Recent Eruption Disaster • Erupted 1/17/02, at 8:35am • Earthquakes were felt for 2 weeks preceding the eruption, every 40 seconds during the eruption, and have died down exponentially, yet continue still • Spewed 250 Million cubic meters of lava (125,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools) • As stratovolcano, no pyroclastic flows, and the lava flowed at a slow rate of 1.2 - 1.6 km/hour • Eruptions have occurred every 10 years since 1884

33. Cones and Craters Surround the Volcano.

35. Nyiragongo erupts January 17, 2002 • Lava flows from the southern flanks toward Goma. • Basaltic flows reach 1.2 to 1.8 km/hour.

36. Basaltic Trail Blazer.

37. Nyiragongo’ Refugees. • Approximately 400,000 evacuated for 3 days. • 12000 families left homeless

38. 80 Percent of Goma Destroyed. • 14 villages damaged. • 45 dead from eruption. • Civil Disobedience results in more.

44. Crater in Nyiragongo’s Summit. Is it half full or half empty?

45. Quito, Ecuador Oct, 7, 1999

46. Volcanoes rolling ash and rings of steam rise from 15,728 foot-tall Guagua Pichincha on the morning of October 7, 1999. No sound or tremor alerted the nearby city of Quito and wind swept ash away quickly.

47. Quito, Ecuador Oct, 7, 1999 Shower of ash turning day to night for the first time since 1960

48. Fig. 6-29, p.141

49. Predicting Eruptions Establish a volcano’s history Active Dormant Monitor changes and anomalies Earthquakes Changes in shape or elevation Volcanic gases Changes in ground temperature Composition of water

50. Predicting Eruptions