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Physical Controls in Structures

Physical Controls in Structures. Using energy factors in the environment such as heat, cold, light, sound, x-rays, infrared rays, etc., to kill pests or attract them to a killing mechanism. Thermal Controls (heat and cold treatment) Electrocution (zappers) Microwave suspect materials.

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Physical Controls in Structures

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  1. Physical Controls in Structures Using energy factors in the environment such as heat, cold, light, sound, x-rays, infrared rays, etc., to kill pests or attract them to a killing mechanism • Thermal Controls (heat and cold treatment) • Electrocution (zappers) • Microwave suspect materials

  2. Direct Control Removing pests by hand or using mechanical devices to trap, kill, or keep out individuals • Hand picking, killing individually • Some Traps • Vacuums • Hoeing • Shooting

  3. Hand Picking Examples Slug Picker Arthropod Vacuum Swatter

  4. In Structures, Direct Control Using Traps Often Relies on Effective Trap Placement • Place close to walls, behind objects in dark corners, wherever pest activity seen. • Place them so that pests following normal travel (usually close to a wall) will pass directly over the trigger. • Leave traps untriggered until the bait has been taken at least once prevents rats or mice becoming trap-shy. • Baits compete with other food sources.

  5. Problems with Mechanical Control • Generally more practical in small areas than large ones. • Labor intensive • Cumbersome (e.g. must remember where traps are located & service them) • Inefficient (removes only a small portion of pest population) • Often viewed as inhumane • Traps are more useful as a monitoring procedure.

  6. Comparison of Physical & Mechanical Methods

  7. Pest Invasions and Legislative Prevention The main sections of this chapter • Invasion and introduction mechanisms • Regulatory premise • Pest risk assessment • Exclusion & early detection • Containment, control, eradication

  8. Invasion Mechanisms -- Intentional • New crop plants • New ornamental plants • New animal food sources • Erosion control • Biological control • Misguided or lack of knowledge • Discarding unwanted organisms • Malicious intent

  9. Invasion Mechanisms -- Accidental • Produce or human food • Contaminant of crop seeds/planting stock • Contaminant of feed for animals • On or in live animals • Contaminated soil • Irrigation water • Transportation vehicles • Farm machinery • Military activity

  10. Basic Concepts of Regulatory Control • Main premise – All of the previous mechanisms are a result of human behavior. Laws modify that. • It is almost all preventative • Regulatory Control Defined: All forms of legislation and regulation that may prevent the establishment or slow the spread of a pest population.

  11. Regulated Pests • “Regulated Pest” – One official control and thus specifically identified, in laws or in regulations, whose establishment, propagation, or movement is facilitated by human actions which are therefore prohibited or outlawed. • Two Kinds of Regulated Pests • Quarantine Pest – Not present in the regulated area • Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest – One whose presence/occurrence is regulated.

  12. Quarantine Pest Vs the Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest • QP is controlled only via quarantine, RNQP may be controlled in any manner • QP is absent, focus is on preventing entry; RNQP is present, focus on other objectives • Economic impact of QP unknown; RNQP has a known economic impact • For QP, object of control is anything; RNQP it is mainly hosts, host production, storage/shipping, or pests themselves.

  13. Major Laws • Emphasize the regulations & laws sections on pp. 230 – 232. Be especially familiar with federal laws (pp. 231 – 232) • State Regulations are often modeled after generic versions by the National Plant Board • Example of a state quarantine: Sudden Oak Death in Kentucky

  14. Regulatory Tactics – 4 Categories • Prevention of Entry • Eradication – 2 steps • Domestic Quarantine • Eradication • Retardation – Often used when eradication fails • Mitigation of Losses

  15. Quarantine as a Regulatory Technique • Inspections – Intensity of inspection dictated by level of Pest Risk (cf. pp 232 – 233) • Point-of-Origin (Phytosanitary Certificate) • Point-of-Entry • Field Inspections • Regional Inspections & Surveys • Quarantine Effectiveness • considered a temporary control • Eradication planning is always part of a quarantine

  16. Quarantine continued • Quarantine Costs: Inspection, compliance, eradication • Quarantine Value • Buy time for eradication/control development • Keep initial pest populations small • Restricts biotypes of initial populations • Responses to intercepted pests – Costs borne by owner • Goods returned • Goods destroyed • Goods may be held in isolation for confirmation • Goods may be treated (usually fumigation)

  17. Quarantine Examples • Citrus Canker in Florida – Spatio-temporal map shows the quarantine is a losing battle • Golden Nematode in NY – Quarantined successfully since before WWII • Mediterranean Fruit Fly – On-going battle

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