Four states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

1. Four states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school…Until Now!

2. Plasma Bose-EinsteinCondensate

3. Quark Gluon Plasma http://www.bnl.gov/today/body_pics/2011/07/QGP_liquid-350px.jpg Fermionic Condensate http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/55805main_superfluid_med_gif.gif

4. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

5. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

6. NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4th state of matter: PLASMA

8. Some places where plasmas are found… 1.Flames

9. 2. Lightning

10. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

11. 4. Neon lights

12. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

13. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

14. 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars 6

15. Quark Gluon Plasma • This is a super- high energy state • Believed to be the “soup” of particles that existed after the big bang occurred, before cooling into the neutrons and protons that make up matter • In 2005, scientists at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory reported making the QGP by smashing gold atoms at nearly the speed of light.

17. The QGP is trillions of degrees! Some Neutron stars may contain QGP QGP is like a liquid, but flows with no viscosity! It is frictionless. www.sciencephoto.com

18. So now we know all about five states of matter: PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) LIQUIDS GASES SOLIDS Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

19. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

20. Not Necessarily! In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

21. Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

22. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

23. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

24. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

27. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

28. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

29. There is another one… The Fermionic Condensate

30. The Fermionic Condensate • Like the BEC, it occurs at super cold temps (near absolute zero) • It uses different types of elements to create it and forms differently (atoms must be paired) • Like the BEC, the pairs of atoms then clump together.

31. The seven states of matter: BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) Quark Gluon Plasma LIQUIDS GASES SOLIDS Fermionic Condensate Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

32. Sources • http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/12feb_fermi/ • http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/exp-quark-gluon-0609.html