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Introduction to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual and General Limitations

This chapter provides an overview of the rotorcraft flight manual and its general limitations, including FAA approval, approved sections, updates and revisions, service bulletins, and emergency procedure landings. It also covers flight envelope limitations, weight limitations, instrument markings, audio warnings, and review questions.

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Introduction to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual and General Limitations

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  1. EC 130 B4 Initial Pilot Ground School Chapter 2 Introduction to the Flight Manual and General Limitations

  2. Chapter 2 - Introduction to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual and General Limitations Introduction to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual …………………………... 2.3 FAA Approval ..………………………………………………………….. 2.4 Approved and Complimentary Sections …..….……………………. 2.5 Flight Manual Table of Contents ..………………………...…………. 2.6 Updates and Revisions …...…….………….………...………………... 2.7 Log of Approved Normal Revisions …….……………...………….... 2.8 Service Bulletins and Service Letters …………..…………...…...…. 2.10 General Flight Manual Terminology and Limitations ………….…..…. 2.12 Terminology and Procedural Words ………..……………………….. 2.13 General Abbreviations and Limitations …………………..………… 2.15 Type of Operation ……………..…………..…………………………… 2.16 Instrument Markings …………..…………………………...………..… 2.18 Weight Limitations ……………..…………………………………….… 2.19 Flight Envelope Limitations ...….………………………..…………… 2.20 Miscellaneous Limitations …….………………………………..…….. 2.22 Emergency Procedure Landings …………………………………….. 2.26 Audio Warnings ………………………………………………………… 2.28 Review Questions ………………………………………………………….. 2.30 2.2

  3. The Rotorcraft Flight Manual Is a French flight manual approved by the DGAC - Direction Generale de L’Aviation Civile. It is approved in the US by the FAA under 14 CFR Section 21.29. FAA approval is indicated by the B . 2.3

  4. B 2.4

  5. The EC130 B4 Rotorcraft Flight Manual Section 1 - General Section 2 - Limitations Section 3 - Emergency Procedures Section 4 - Normal Procedures Section 5 - Regulatory Performance Data Section 6 - Weight and Balance Section 7 - System Description Section 8 - Handling, Servicing, Maintenance Section 9 -Supplements Section 10 - Operational Tips Section 11 - Appendix FAA APPROVED COMPLIMENTARY FAA APPROVED COMPLIMENTARY 2.5

  6. 2.6

  7. The Flight Manual - Updates and Revisions General - The manual is updated periodically through Normal Revisions (RN) or Intermediate Temporary Revisions (ITR). Normal Revision (RN) - Fully or partially updates the manual. Printed on white paper. Number on bottom of page is year and week of issuance. Revision Log is included. These MUST be posted in your aircraft Flight Manual. How do you know if your Flight Manual is current? Call American Eurocopter @ 1-800-232-0323, and ask for Ms. Gerri Robinson in Technical Pubs. 2.7

  8. 2.8

  9. The Flight Manual - Updates and Revisions Intermediate Temporary Revisions (ITR) - Update a few major points. Printed on yellow paper, and printed to face the item that is updated. Identified by the number of the next RN and a letter in sequence. May be more than one ITR between NR. ITR’s are cancelled with the issuance of the RN. Revision Log is included. These MUST be posted in your aircraft Flight Manual. Conditional Revisions (RC). - For helicopters authorized to fly at an earlier standard (grandfather clause). Pink pages are deleted when modifications are made bringing the aircraft to current standard. Pink pages are then disposed of. RN and RR do not affect the RC. Customization Modification - Special features on helicopter require priority addenda to the information found in the basic flight manual and supplements. Information on green pages supersedes white pages, but does not delete white pages. 2.9

  10. Updates and Information • Service Bulletins (SBT)- Service bulletins allow users to quickly implement all directives issued after a new event such as incidents, modifications, etc. Service bulletins supplement the helicopter publications and are incorporated in them by revisions. • Services Letters - (SLT)- Services letters keep users informed about current topics of interest. As such, they form temporary supplements to the standard documentation and are integrated when revisions are issued. 2.10

  11. Airworthiness Directives 2.11

  12. General Flight Manual Terminology and Limitations 2.12

  13. 1.1 TERMINOLOGY • Unless otherwise specified in the text, altitudes are pressure-altitudes. • Warnings, Cautions, and Notes are used throughout this manual to • emphasize important and critical instructions and are used as follows: • AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, ETC., WHICH, • IF NOT CORRECTLY FOLLOWED, COULD RESULT IN • PERSONAL INJURY OR LOSS OF LIFE. • An operating procedure, practice, etc., which, if not strictly observed, • could result in damage or destruction of equipments or helicopter parts. • An operating procedure, condition, etc., which is essential to highlight. WARNING CAUTION NOTE 2.13 Flight Manual - General Section - Page 1 - 1

  14. USE OF PROCEDURAL WORDS • The concept of procedural word usage and intended meaning which has been adhered to in preparing this manual is as follows: • “Shall” has been used only when application of a procedure ismandatory. • “Should” has been used only when application of a procedure is • recommended. • “May” and “need not” have been used only when application of a procedure • is optional. • “Will” has been used only to indicate future event or action, never to indicate • a mandatory procedure. GOV GOV Symbol used for warning lights: (example)Light ON Light OUT 2.14 Flight Manual - General Section - Page 1 - 1 & 1 - 7

  15. General Abbreviations and Definitions N1 or NG: Gas Producer Turbine(s) N2 or NF or NP: Free Turbine or Power Turbine T4: Temperature (TOT / EGT) (Measured at Engine Station 4.5) NR: Rotor Speed Bar: Barometric Pressure (equals 14.504 pounds per square inch) Hp or PA: Pressure Altitude ISA: International Standard Atmosphere = 150 C at Sea Level with a Standard Lapse Rate of 20 C. VEMD: Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display FLI: First Limitation Indicator FADEC: Full Authority Digital Engine Control EBCAU: Engine Back-up Control Ancillary Unit 2.15

  16. 2.1 GENERAL • The helicopter is approved in compliance with JAR part 27 • issue 1. The helicopter shall be operated in compliance with • the limitations of this section. • 2.1.1 TYPE OF OPERATION • The helicopter is approved to operate: • - by day in VFR [ See Supplement 9 – Left Seat Pilot = Night VFR also ] • The following are forbidden: • - Aerobatics maneuvers. • - Flight under falling snow. • - Flight in freezing rain or icing conditions. • (visible moisture and temperatures conductive to producing ice). • - In flight engine power reduction using twist grip control • except for engine failure training, emergency • procedures referring to it, or for a technical flight. 2.16 Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 1

  17. 2.1 GENERAL (continued) 2.1.2 OCCUPANTS - Minimum flight crew ………….... : One pilot in right seat. - Maximum number of occupants (including flight crew) ….………. : Seven [ Supplement 9-13-1: Left Hand Side Flight Controls: - Minimum flight crew ………….... : One pilot in left seat. - Maximum number of occupants (including flight crew) ….………. : Seven (or eight if the modification OP-3673 is installed). ] Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 1 2.17

  18. 2.1.3 Instrument Markings • Limitations are marked on instruments with the following color code: • Red: ……….…………..... Safety limit or takeoff limitation • Red with white hatching: VNE, power-off • Yellow or amber:…….. Caution range or takeoff rating range • Green: …….…………...... Normal operating range • : ……..……...…… Equipment operating limit • Red Triangle: …………... Transient limit • On the VEMD, related numerical value of parameters underlined: • - in yellow when the parameter is in caution or takeoff range, • - in red when at or above safety limit or maximum takeoff power. • Moreover, to enforce safety, red underlining flashes. white White yellow Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 1 2.18

  19. 2.2 WEIGHT LIMITATIONS 2.2.1 WEIGHT LIMITATIONS Maximum permissible internal weight in flight: 5291 lbs. Maximum permissible weight for IGE, takeoff and landing: 5291 lbs. Minimum permissible weight in flight: 3307 lbs. 2.19 Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 2

  20. 2.3 FLIGHT ENVELOPE LIMITATIONS 2.3.2 ALTITUDE LIMITATION Maximum operating altitude in flight: Hp = 23,000 ft. 2.3.3 TEMPERATURE LIMITATION Minimum temperature: minus 200 C Maximum temperature: ISA +350 C limited to + 500 C 2.3.4 LANDING AND ROTOR STOPPING LIMITATIONS ON SLOPE - Nose up ……… 60 - Nose down ….. 60 - Sideways ……. 80 2.20 Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 4

  21. LIMIT 2.3.5 MANEUVERING LIMITATIONS Do not exceed the load factor causing caution light to illuminate. 2.3.6 FLIGHT IN FALLING SNOW FLIGHT IS FORBIDDEN UNDER FALLING SNOW 2.21 Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 5

  22. (Continued • 2.5 MISCELLANEOUS LIMITATIONS • 2.5.1 APPROVED FUEL • NORMAL FUELS • USA Specifications Anti-ice additive included • MIL-T-83133 (JP8) Yes • ASTM-D-1655 (JET A1) No • ASTM-D-1655 (JET A) No • MIL-T-5624 (JP5) Yes • The OAT range for using approved fuel is: minus 400 C to + 500 C. • Below minus 200 C, anti-ice additive is mandatory. • NOTE • All specifications are effective at latest issue or amendment. • (Fuels approved to operate in the whole • flight envelope without any restrictions.) Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 9 2.22

  23. 2.5 MISCELLANEOUS LIMITATIONS • 2.5.1 APPROVED FUELS • REPLACEMENT FUELS • (Fuels allowing operations in a restricted flight envelope.) • - Fuels with restricted flight envelope of OAT < 250 C and Hp < 5000 ft • USA Specifications Anti-ice additive included • MIL-T-5624 (JP4) Yes • REFUELING • Fuel temperature must be inside the above OAT limitations specified • for the fuel actually used for refueling. Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 10 2.23

  24. ADDITIVES: • Anti-ice additive: If the fuel does not contain a freezing • inhibitor and if the OAT is below minus • 200 C, the use of an anti-icing additive is • mandatory. The additive shall comply with • French specification AIR 3652B (equivalent • to: MIL-I 27686, D-ENG-RD 2451, • MB-NATO S 748, MIL-I 85470A). • Concentration shall be between 0.10% • and 0.15% by volume. Anti-static additive: SHELL ASA 3, maximum concentration 0.0001 % by volume. Fungicide additive: BIOBOR JF Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Page 2 - 10 2.24

  25. 2.5.2 APPROVED LUBRICANTS AND FLUIDS • ENGINE LUBRICANTS • Normal Use: MIL-L-23699 (synthetic) ( 5 cSt @ 98.90 C) • Other Oils (forbidden for OAT > 300C.):MIL-L-7808 • MAIN GEARBOX and TAIL GEARBOX LUBRICANTS • Mineral Oil: MIL-L-6086C • Approved for minus 200 C < OAT < + 500 C • NOTE: The “SHELL” trademark is prohibited. • SERVO CONTROL FLUID • Synthetic oil: MIL-H-83282 • [ Refer to the Flight Manual for details. ] [ This is due to foaming caused by an additive in Shell mineral oil which actually decreases the lubricating properties of the oil. ] NOTE: MIL H5606 fluid NOT certified 2.25 Flight Manual - Limitations Section - Pages 2 - 12 and 2 - 13

  26. (Continued 3.1 GENERAL Emergency procedures describe the actions that the pilot must take relative to the various possible failures that can occur. Meanwhile, depending on the many variable external environment, such as the type of terrain overflown, the pilot may have to adapt to the situation according to his experience. To help the pilot in his decision process, four recommendations are used: 2.26 Flight Manual - Emergency Procedures - Page 3 - 1

  27.  LAND IMMEDIATELY: Self-explanatory.  LAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE: Emergency conditions are urgent and require landing at the nearest landing site at which a safe landing can be made. LAND AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE: Emergency conditions are less urgent and in the pilot’s judgement, he may proceed to the nearest airfield where he can expect appropriate assistance. CONTINUE FLIGHT: Continue flight as planned. Repair at the destination according to the maintenance manual. NOTE Immediate actions that the pilot shall take are written in bold characters. Flight Manual - Emergency Procedures - Page 3 - 1 2.27

  28. (Continued • 3.1.1 AUDIO WARNINGS • On the pedestal panel, a pushbutton is used to activate the • audio warning. When pressed in, the light on the • warning panel goes out. • NOTE • The pilot at the controls shall wear an adequate radio / ICS audio headset to monitor the audio warning through the ICS system. • GONG • A gong is generated each time a red warning appears on the • warning panel. • CONTINUOUS TONE • Two continuous tone[s] can be heard: • - When NR is below 360 rpm (310 Hz tone). • - When maximum take-off limitations are exceeded for • more than 1.5 seconds (285 Hz tone). HORN 2.28 Flight Manual - Emergency Procedures - Page 3 - 1 & 3 - 2

  29. 3.1.1 AUDIO WARNINGS (continued) • CONTINUOUS TONE (continued) • 1. Collective pitch …. REDUCE to maintain NR in green • arc or power within limitations • 2. Engine parameters …… CHECK • INTERMITTENT TONE • An intermittent tone (310 Hz) is heard when the NR is above • 410 rpm. • Collective pitch …..INCREASE to maintain NR in green arc • Apply applicable procedure according to the situation. • 2.5.5 MANDATORY EQUIPMENT • A minimum of two adequate radio / audio headsets shall be • on-board the helicopter, one worn by the pilot at the controls • to monitor the audio warning delivered through the ICS • system and a spare one. 2.29 Flight Manual - Emergency Procedures - Page 3 - 2 & Limitations Section - Page 2 - 14

  30. Review Questions 2.30

  31. 5. Service ______________ allow users to quickly implement all directives issued after an event, while Service ______________ keep users informed about current topics of interest. B. Bulletins; Letters.

  32. 6. What indicates to the owner / operator / pilot that the flight manual is approved by the FAA? A. The letter “B” within a square at the bottom of the page.

  33. 7. Immediate changes of the flight manual are implemented under what process? A. Intermediate temporary revisions.

  34. 8. What section of the Flight Manual would the pilot consult to determine the correct procedure for a failure of the torquemeter? B. Section 3 - Emergency Procedures

  35. 9. Which Section of the Flight Manual covers pre-flight and post-flight inspections? D. Section 4 - Normal Procedures.

  36. 10. Is the Height - Velocity Envelope considered a Limitation? B. No

  37. 11. Is the Weight and Balance section of the Flight Manual approved by the FAA? A. No

  38. 12. A list of approved fuels and lubricants can be found in which Section of the Flight Manual? D. Section 2 - Limitations

  39. EC 130 B4 Initial Pilot Ground School End of Chapter 2 Introduction to the Flight Manual and General Limitations

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