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Hadron and Hadron-Lepton Colliders

Hadron and Hadron-Lepton Colliders. Frank Zimmermann Special Beam Physics Symposium in Honor of Yaroslav Derbenev's 70th Birthday Jefferson Lab, Newport News, 3 August 2010 many thanks to J.-P. Delahaye, W. Fischer, M. Klein, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang, and Y. Zhang.

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Hadron and Hadron-Lepton Colliders

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  1. Hadron and Hadron-Lepton Colliders Frank Zimmermann Special Beam Physics Symposium in Honor of YaroslavDerbenev's 70th Birthday Jefferson Lab, Newport News, 3 August 2010 many thanks to J.-P. Delahaye, W. Fischer, M. Klein, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang, and Y. Zhang

  2. past, planned but abandoned & operating hadron colliders ISR (p-p) 1970-1983 0.03/0.03 TeV SPS (p-pbar) 1981-1990 0.3/0.3 TeV [CHEEP (e±-p) †1978 (?) 0.03/0.3 TeV] [PEP (e±-p)†1981 (?) 0.015/0.3 TeV] [TRISTAN (e±-p)†1983 (?) 0.03/0.3 TeV] ISABELLE/CBA (p-p) †1983 0.4/0.4 TeV Tevatron (p-pbar) 1987-2011? 1/1 TeV? HERA (e± ↑ -p) 1991-2007 0.03/1 TeV? UNK (p-p) †1992 (?) 3/3 TeV SSC (p-p) †1993 20/20 TeV RHIC (p↑-p↑ & A-A) 2000-? 0.3/0.3 TeV LHC (p-p & A-A) 2009-2030? 3.5/3.5 & 7/7 TeV

  3. HL-LHC factor 10 ELIC factor 30 LHeC Tevatron is present frontier machine CERN ISR held luminosity world record for >2 decades Courtesy W. Fischer

  4. Intersecting Storage Rings 1970-83 – space-charge tune shift & spread, trapped e− – proton-electron instabilities, pressure bumps – detector background – beam brightness from injector and accumulation – coherent beam-beam effects – missed discovery of the J/ψand other new particles (no central detector) – I =38–50 A, coasting beam, 31 GeV – L ≈ 2.2 × 1032 cm−2s−1 peak luminosity – with bunched beams ξ = 0.0035 per IP (8 crossings) – first p-pbar collisions limitations & successes:

  5. SppbarS 1981-90 – beam-beam interaction – loss of longitudinal Landau damping – number of antiprotons – hourglass effect – intrabeam scattering – first p-pbar collider – 10× ISR energy (315 GeV) – beam-beam tune shift ξ = 0.005 with 3 crossings – discovery of W and Z limitations & successes:

  6. Tevatron 1987-2011 limitations & successes: – number of antiprotons – beam-beam interaction incl. long- range – luminosity lifetime – events per crossing – intrabeam scattering – first superconducting collider – 980 GeV beam energy – p-pbar collisions like SPS – beam-beam tune shift ξ = 0.02! – high-energy e- cooling – discovery of b and t

  7. HERA 1991-2007 – beam from injector – beam-beam interaction – international contributions “HERA model” – longitudinally polarized e± – first hadron-lepton collider limitations & successes:

  8. RHIC 2001- limitations & successes: – intrabeam scattering – beam-beam interaction – luminosity lifetime – electron cloud – events per crossing – longitudinally polarized protons – stochastic cooling – first heavy-ion collider – established existence of quark-gluon plasma

  9. SSC †1993 – 87 km circumference – 20 TeV beam energy – L=1033 cm-2s-1 – halted after 14 miles of tunneling were completed & 2 billion dollars spent –

  10. Large Hadron Collider 2009-2030(?) successes: – p-p and A-A collider – c.m. energy 14 TeV – design p-p luminosity 1034 cm-2s-1 – 1st collisions in 2009 LHC baseline luminosity was pushed in competition with SSC

  11. LHC: design started >26 years ago 1984 “Although the machine operation would become more difficult, it is not unconceivable that the luminosity could eventually approach or even exceed 1033 cm-2 s-1 …”

  12. LHC key component: 2-in-1 SC magnet model first proposed by Bob Palmer for ISABELLE/CBA

  13. LHC limit: event pile up 0.2 events/crossing, 25 ns spacing 2 events/crossing, 25 ns spacing 19 events/crossing, 25 ns spacing 100 events/crossing, 12.5 ns spacing I. Osborne pt > 1 GeV/c cut, i.e. all soft tracks removed

  14. LHC : stability requires longit. blow up loss of longit. Landau dampingduring the ramp (~1.8 TeV) E. Shaposhnikova, G. Papotti Initial meaurement predicted loss of Landau damping Z/n=0.06 Ohm 1 ns 1.1x1011 1.05 ns – 0.35 eVs (450 GeV, 5 MV) 0.2 ns time during ramp meaurement with controlled blow up, late June 2010 • cures: • increased longitudinal emittance from SPS • change in LHC RF voltage profile • controlled longitudinal blow up on LHC ramp • feedback on bunch length measurement modulates • noise amplitude to control blow-up rate • bunch lengths converge correctly to target ~1.5 ns

  15. hadron collider integrated luminosities ISR (1970-1983): ? (~1/fb?) SPS (1982-1990): ~0.02/fb HERA (1991-2007): 0.8/fb RHIC : (2000-2009) ~0.2/fb (p-p) Tevatron (1987-2011): ~10/fb LHC (now): ~0.001/fb LHC goal 2010: 0.1/fb, LHC 2011: 1/fb forecast 2020: 300-400/fb, 2030: 3000/fb

  16. possible future hadron colliders HL-LHC (p-p & A-A) 2020 7/7 TeV HE-LHC (p-p & A-A) 2035? 16.5/16.5 TeV VLHC (p-p) 2035? 100/100 TeV ELOISATRON (p-p) [when?] 100/100 TeV NICA (A-A) 2014? 4.5/4.5 GeV/nucleon ENC (e± ↑ -A↑) 2015? 3/15 GeV ELIC/MEIC (e± ↑ -p↑, e± ↑ -A↑) 2015? 60/3 GeV eRHIC (e± ↑ -p↑, e± ↑ -A↑) 2015? 325/20 GeV LHeC (e± ↑ -p↑, e± ↑ -A↑) 2025? 0.06-0.14/7-16.5 TeV → high luminosity, high energy

  17. HL-LHC: motivation & status • reducing statistical errors • radiation damage limit of IR quadrupoles ~400/fb • extending physics potential; boost discovery mass reach from about 6.5 to 8 TeV • major revision of LHC upgrade plan in early 2010 • LINAC4 under construction; collimation “phase II” defined; Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn low-b quadrupole prototypes under development; crab-cavity R&D ongoing ; PS booster energy upgrade preparation • embedded in European & international collaborations

  18. HL-LHC: example parameters

  19. paths to high luminosity Piwinski angle luminosity F = tg(q/2)sz/sx beam-beam tune shifts neglecting hourglass effect • Standard scheme: • reduce b* and minimimze F • Large Piwinski Angle & “Crab Waist” schemes: • increase N proportionally to F: • L grows proportionally to F; • xy remains constant; • xx decreases as 1/F B.W. Montague, K. Hirata, O. Napoly, P. Raimondi, F. Ruggiero, F. Zimmermann, M. Zobov, et al

  20. HL-LHC: LHC modifications IR upgrade (detectors, low-b quad’s, crab cavities, etc) ~2020-21 SPS enhancements (anti e-cloud coating,RF, impedance), 2012-2021 Booster energy upgrade 1.4 → 2 GeV, ~2015 Linac4, ~2015

  21. HL-LHC: crab-cavity R&D conventional, elliptical, “global” crab cavities BNL CI/DL KEK JLAB CI/DL SLAC KEK compact, “local” crab cavities

  22. how to further squeeze LHC’s b*? • tunnel designed for LEP • straight sections “too short” even for present LHC • could Slava Derbenev’s “beam extension section” with periodic zooming focusing lattice help to extend the final focus into the LHC arcs and reduce b* further? Guimei Wang, Slava Dervenev et al, PAC 2009 beam extension section

  23. HL-LHC: present schedule 2010-11: LHC running at 3.5 TeV beam energy; 1/fb 2012(-13): >1 year of stop to prepare LHC for 7 TeV and high beam intensity 2013-2014: LHC running; decisions for 2020 IR upgrade ~2016: LINAC4 connection, PSB energy upgrade, CMS & ATLAS upgrades, SPS enhancements 2015-20: high-luminosity operation delivering a total of 300-400/fb (lifetime limit of low-b quadrupoles) 2020-21: HL-LHC, IR upgrade: new low-b quadrupoles & crab cavities, major detector upgrades 2021-30: operation at 5x1034/cm2/s w. leveling; 3000/fb

  24. beyond HL-LHC?

  25. High-Energy LHC: draft parameters

  26. HE-LHC: blow up all 3 emittances!? SR damping is “too strong”: emittance shrinks too much and beam-beam tune shift “explodes” → noise injection to control all three emittances controlled blow up to keep DQ=0.01 es constant we don’t really know how to make use of the radiation damping, except a little bit for luminosity leveling ey ex ey ex w. natural SR damping Evolution of HE-LHC emittances during physics store with controlled transverse blow up & constant longitudinal emittance (three thicker lines on top), and natural transverse emittance evolution due to radiation damping and IBS only (two thinner lines at bottom) – still for constant longitudinal emittance –, which would lead to an excessive tune shift.

  27. HE-LHC: luminosity evolution for 20h peak luminosity 2x nominal LHC (similar to KEKB) with luminosity lifetime ~12 h Time evolution of the HE-LHC luminosity including emittance variation with controlled transverse & longitudinal blow up and proton burn off.

  28. HE-LHC: luminosity integral over 20h integrated luminosity ~1/fb per day Time evolution of the HE-LHC integrated luminosity during a physics store including emittance variation with controlled blow up and proton burn off.

  29. HE-LHC: CERN complex modifications HE-LHC 2030-35 SPS+, 1.3 TeV, 2030-35 2-GeV Booster Linac4

  30. HE-LHC: candidate superconductors 10000 YBCO B Tape Plane Data from P. Lee, ASC – Florida S. Univ. L. Rossi YBCO B|| Tape Plane RRP Nb3Sn SuperPower tape used in record breaking NHMFL insert coil 2007 Nb-Ti Complied from ASC'02 and ICMC'03 papers (J. Parrell OI-ST) 1000 427 filament strand with Ag alloy outer sheath tested at NHMFL 2212 JE (A/mm²) MgB2 YBCO Insert Tape (B|| Tape Plane) Maximal JE for entire LHC Nb­Ti strand production (CERN-T. Boutboul '07) YBCO Insert Tape (B Tape Plane) 100 Bronze Nb3Sn MgB2 19Fil 24% Fill (HyperTech) 2212 OI-ST 28% Ceramic Filaments 18+1 MgB2/Nb/Cu/Monel Courtesy M. Tomsic, 2007 NbTi LHC Production 38%SC (4.2 K) 4543 filament High Sn Bronze-16wt.%Sn-0.3wt%Ti (Miyazaki-MT18-IEEE’04) Nb3Sn RRP Internal Sn (OI-ST) Domain of iron dominated magnets Nb3Sn High Sn Bronze Cu:Non-Cu 0.3 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Applied Field (T) Interesting zone : 15-24 T ; Possible Superconductors: Nb3Sn up to 17-18 T (existing, needsimprovement) HTS : either Bi-2212 (existing, needs a lot of improvement) or YBCO existingonly in small tapes (needs a lot of of R&D, howeverthereissomesynergywith R&D for energy application at 80 K)

  31. First Nb3Sn Cable Test – Non-impregnated cable Nb3Sn Nb-Ti FNAL US-LARP, Emanuela Barzi et al, last night!

  32. HE-LHC: record dipole field vs time 13-T Nb3Sn dipole w. 6-T HTS insert - EuCARD FP7

  33. HE-LHC: a 20 T dipole • Operational current: 18 KA • Operational current density: 400 A/mm2 • 20% operational margin (more than LHC) • Next step: Twin dipole + yoke reduction • 50 mm aperture • 20 Tesla operational field • Inner layers: High Tc superconductor • Outer layers: Nb3Sn • To be explored for cost reduction: outer layer in Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn 15 m 41° 49’ 55” N – 88 ° 15’ 07” W 40° 53’ 02” N – 72 ° 52’ 32” W 1.9 Km 1 Km Lay-out by E. Todesco (CERN) L. Rossi (CERN), P. McIntyre (Texas A&M)

  34. HE-LHC: high-field magnet issues Tripler 24 T by P. McIntyre (Texas A&M), PAC 2005 Stress management Uniformity of the SC, especially for HTS Cost : 4-4.5 G$ for the HE-LHC magnet system (L. Rossi, CERN edms n. 745391) Handling of the synchrotron radiation power. VLHC solutions (cold fingers are envisaged but no R&D or conceptual design done so far…) Use of Nb-Ti (pink), Nb3Sn (red) and HTS (green). What are the issues? L. Rossi

  35. a short digression (for completeness)

  36. future ion-ion colliders: parameters J.-P. Delahaye, ICHEP’10

  37. let’s turn to lepton-hadron colliders

  38. future hadron-lepton colliders L vsE • Three high-energy proposals: • eRHIC/MeRHIC at BNL • Already has the hadron ring • MEIC/ELIC at JLAB • Already has the electron accelerator • LHeC RR/LR at CERN • Already has the hadron ring • Already had an electron ring … V. Litvinenko, IPAC’10

  39. ENC at FAIR Taking advantage of the “existing” FAIR / HESR 15 GeV proton ring J.-P. Delahaye, ICHEP’10

  40. Taking advantage of the existing CEBAF 12 GeV electron accelerator ELIC at JLAB MEIC first stage collider Serves as a large booster to the full energy collider ring p Ion Sources SRF Linac prebooster p p MEIC collider ring ELIC collider ring e e e injector six “figure-8” rings for polarization (Slava) 12 GeV CEBAF electron ring Interaction Point Ion ring Vertical crossing J.-P. Delahaye, ICHEP’10

  41. Taking advantage of the existing RHIC 130 GeV/u Au ring eRHIC at BNL First stage 4 Gev e- X 250 GeV p 100 GeV/u Au J.-P. Delahaye, ICHEP’10

  42. Taking advantage of the existing LHC proton ring 7 TeV (to 16.5 TeV in HE) LHeC at CERN RR LHeC: new ring in LHC tunnel, with bypasses around experiments LR LHeC: recirculating linac with energy recovery RR LHeC e± injector 10 GeV, 10 min. filling time

  43. LHeC: ring-ring configuration Newly built magnets installed on top of the LHC bypassing LHC experiments. 10 GeV injector into bypass of P1 2 1010e (LEP: 4 1011) ~10 min filling time synchronous ep + pp M. Klein

  44. LHeC: linac-ring “erl” baseline Also presented in CDR: 60 GeV pulsed 1032cm-2s-1 140 GeV pulsed 5 1031 Note: CLIC x LHC ~1030 due to different time structure (0.5 vs 50ns) Max. Power: 100 MW erl 10-GeV linac injector dump 1.0 km 2.0 km LHC p 10-GeV linac IP Energy recovery (94%), β*=10cm M. Klein, J. Osborne, F. Zimmermann

  45. LHeC: linac-ring configurations p-60 erl 10-GeV linac LHC p injector 1.67 km dump 0.34 km 1.0 km injector 30-GeV linac IP dump 2.0 km LHC p “least expensive" p-140 10-GeV linac IP high luminosity 2.0 km LHC p 3.9 km injector IP dump 70-GeV linac p-140’ 7.8 km high energy IP 140-GeV linac dump injector

  46. future hadron-lepton colliders J.-P. Delahaye, ICHEP’10

  47. LHeC: highest-energy ERL option High luminosity LHeC with nearly 100% energy efficient ERL. The main high-energy e- beam propagates from left to right. In the 1st linac it gains ~150 GeV (N=15), collides with the hadron beam and is then decelerated in the second linac. Such ERL could push LHeC luminosity to 1035 cm-2s-1 level. V. Litvinenko, 2nd LHeC workshop Divonne 2009

  48. the icing on the cake

  49. some trends in hadron colliders • beam cooling • stochastic cooling (RHIC l.&v.) • electron cooling (Tevatron, ENC, ELIC) • coherent electron cooling ((e)RHIC, HL-LHC?) • synchrotron-radiation damping (HE-LHC) • beam-beam compensation • long-range compensation [wire] (RHIC, LHC) • e-lens compensation (Tevatron, RHIC, LHC) • new performance limitations • burn-off and pile up (LHC, RHIC?) • electron cloud (RHIC, LHC) • machine protection, collimator cleaning (LHC)

  50. advanced cooling concepts (Slava) • dispersive electron cooling with beam adapter and circulator cooler for ELIC (EPAC2000, 2002) • “overwhelms” IBS and produces very bright ion bunches • coherent electron cooling for RHIC, eRHIC, LHC etc. (1980, EPAC’08 & PRL 2009, with V. Litvinenko) • - provides cooling times ≤ 1 h

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