Cellular Structure and Function: The Discovery and Theory of Cells

1. CH. 7 CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2. CELL DISCOVERY AND THEORY • MAIN IDEA – The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of __________________.

3. HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY • Robert ____________ made a simple microscope in 1665 and looked at a piece of ________________, the dead cells of oak bark. • Looked like cells that Monks lived in at a monastery, giving us the term “________” • ____________________ are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

4. THE CELL THEORY • Cell theory states: • ____________ living organisms are composed of one or more _________________. • Cells are the ___________________________ of structure and organization of all living organisms. • Cells arise __________ from previously existing cells, with cells passing _________________ of their __________________ material on to their daughter cells.

5. BASIC CELL TYPES • Cells __________________ based on the ________________ they perform for an organism • Cells have one physical trait in common: they ____________ have a structure called a ______________________________ • Plasma membrane is a special boundary that helps _______________ what _______________________ and _____________ the cell. • Cells have a number of functions in common. • Most cells have genetic material to provide _________________________ for making substances that the cell _______________________. • Cells also break down molecules to generate ___________ • Cells are groups into 2 categories: • _________________________ • _________________________ • Generally are 1 to 100 times larger than prokaryotic cells

6. BASIC CELL TYPES – CONTINUED • Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane but category is decided on internal structures called ____________________________________ • Organelles are specialized structures that carry out _____________ cell ___________________________. • Eukaryotic cells contain: • _______________________________________ • Is a distinct central organelles that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of __________________. • __________________________ are membrane-bound. • Organelles help cell functions to take place in ___________________ parts of the cell at the same time. • Most eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, some are unicellular like algae and yeast.

7. BASIC CELL TYPES – CONTINUED • Prokaryotic cells contain: • ________________________________ • ___________ membrane bound organelles • ____________________________ than eukaryotic cells • Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms like ______________ • ORIGIN OF CELL DIVERSITY • Scientists still investigating on how the 2 basic types of cells originated. • Endosymbiont theory says that that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells, when one prokaryotic cell began living _______________________ of another prokaryotic cell and ____________________ received a benefit from the relationship.

8. SECTION 6.2 – THE PLASMA MEMBRANE • MAIN IDEA – The plasma membrane helps to maintain a cell’s _______________________ • QUESTION: What kind of substances do you think go in & out of cells?

9. FUNCTION OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining _____________ in an organism’s internal environment. • Essential to the _____________________ of the cell • Plasma membrane is primarily responsible for helping to maintain homeostasis • Plasma membrane is a thin, flexible ________________ __________________ boundary between a cell and its environment that allows _______________ into the cell and allows __________________ and other products to leave the cell. • Both prokaryotic & eukaryotic organisms have them to separate them from the watery environments that they exist in. • _________________ how, when & how much of the substances can enter & leave a cell, pg. 187, Figure 5

10. STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE • Most of the molecules in the plasma membrane are ______________________ (large molecules composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids) • Phospholipid is formed when a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid • Plasma membrane is composed of a ______________________________________. • 2 layers of phospholipids are arrange _______ _____________________ • Arranged in this manner to allow the plasma membrane to exist in the water environment.

11. THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER • Phospholipid is shown as a head with 2 tails. • Phosphate group in each phospholipid makes the head polar • Attracted to water because water is also ________________ • 2 fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled by water • Water soluble substances will ________ move easily through the plasma membrane because they are stopped by the nonpolar middle. • Keeps the environment inside the cell _________________ from the outside of the cell

12. OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE • Moving with & among the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are ________________, __________________, and __________________________________. • Proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane are called receptors and help transmit _____________________ to the inside of the cell • Proteins at the inner surface ________________ the plasma membrane to the cell’s internal _______________________ structure, helping the cell keep its ___________________ • Other proteins are spread throughout the entire membrane and create ______________________ through which certain substances ________________ & _______________ the cell • Transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane

13. OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE – CONTINUED • Nonpolar cholesterol molecules are repelled by water and are positioned among the phospholipids. • Help to prevent the fatty-acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer from _____________________ contributing to the ____________ movement in the plasma membrane • Cholesterol helps in maintaining ________________ in a cell. • Carbohydrates attach to proteins and stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells ____________________ chemical signals • Ex: carbohydrates in the membrane might help _______________________________cells recognize and attack a potentially harmful cell.

14. OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE – CONTINUED • Fluid mosaic model allows the phospholipids to ____________ sideways within the membrane, while at the same time the other components like proteins move among the phospholipids. • Plasma membrane is in _____________ motion.

15. Plasma membrane

16. SECTION 7.3 – STRUCTURES AND ORGANELLES • MAIN IDEA – Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the ________________ and the ____________________ of functions within the cell. • QUESTION: Look at your tennis shoe and I want you to identify all the different parts of the shoe.

17. CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES • The environment ________________ the plasma membrane or cell membrane is a semifluid material called _____________. • ____________________ organisms all chemical _________________ of the cell takes place in the ______________ • _______________ organisms chemical processes takes place in ____________ located within the ________________

18. CYTOPLASM AND CYTOSKELETON CONTINUED • Cytoskeleton is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an ___________ for the ______________________________ inside the cells. • Cytoskeleton also helps in cell ___________________ and other cellular activities • Cytoskeleton made up of substructures called: • ___________________________________________ • Appear like long, _________________________________ cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances ______________________ the cell • ________________________________________________ • Appear like thin __________________________ that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to __________________________________ • Both microtubules and microfilaments rapidly ______________ and __________________________ and slide past one another allowing cells and organelles to move

19. CELL STRUCTURES • In eukaryotic cells membrane-bound organelles let _________________________ chemical processes to take place at the same time in different parts of the cytoplasm. • Each organelle has a ____________________ structure and function.

20. NUCLEUS • The _________________________ of the cell __________________ what goes on in the cell • Nucleus contains the cell’s _________, which stores the __________ used to make proteins for cell growth, function, and reproduction. • Nucleus surrounded by a double membrane called the ____________________________. • Similar to plasma membrane but has __________ to allow substances to move ______ & _______ of the nucleus.

21. RIBOSOMES • __________________ is the organelle that helps in the manufacture of _____________________________. • Ribosomes are made of 2 components: • ______________________ • ______________________ • Ribosome production ___________ in the nucleus in an area called the ________________________ • Some ribosomes float freely in the ________________ • Produce proteins for use within the cytoplasm of the cell. • Some ribosomes are ___________________ to another organelle called the ____________________________. • Produce proteins that will be bound within membranes or used by other cells

22. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system of folded sacs & interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis • 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • ____________________________ • Has _______________________ attached • Produce proteins for _____________ to other cells • ________________________________ • Produces complex _________________________ & ____________________, including phospholipids, on the membranes surface • Smooth ER in the liver _________________________ harmful substances

23. GOLGI APPARATUS • _______________________________ is a flattened stack of membranes that _______________, _____________, and ______________________ proteins into sacs called ____________________. • Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to be __________________ and sent out of the cell • Vesicles can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to ___________________ proteins to the environment outside of the cell.

24. VACUOLES • _________________ are membrane bound vesicles that temporarily _________________ materials and ________________ products within the cytoplasm. • In __________ cells vacuole are used to store food, enzymes and other materials needed by a cell, and some vacuoles store the waste products. • In ______________ cells usually vacuoles are not present, but if they have a vacuole they are much _____________________ than those in plant cells.

25. LYSOSOMES • _______________________ are vesicles that contain substances that _________________: • excess or ___________________organelles • _________________ particles • _______________ and viruses • Can fuse with vacuoles & send their enzymes into the vacuoles to ____________________________ • Membrane around the lysosomes ________________ the digestive enzymes inside from _______________________________ the cell

26. CENTRIOLES • ______________________ are organelles made up of ________________________ that function during ________________. • Centrioles are located in the __________________ of animal cells and most protists and are usually located near the _________________.

27. MITOCHONDRIA • Mitrochondria ___________________ fuel particles (mainly sugars) into usable energy. • Referred to as the “_________________” of cells • ________________ has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides a large surface area for breaking bonds of sugar molecules. • Energy produced from breaking bonds is _____________ in bonds of other molecules and later used by the cell.

28. CHLOROPLASTS • Chloroplasts capture _______________ energy and convert it to _________________ energy through a process called ______________________________ • Chloroplasts are in ______________________ and some eukaryotic cells. • Light captured in thylakoids • Pigment used is ______________________________

29. CELL WALL • Cell ____________ is in plant cells and is a thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the __________________ of the plasma membrane and will protect the cell and give it support. • Cell wall made of _____________________ (carbohydrate) • CILIA AND FLAGELLA • Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like _______ extending from the surface of the cell • Motion of cilia similar to the motion of rowing a rowboat • Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia. • Motion are whiplike • Both cilia and flagella are composed of ________________

30. SECTION 6.4 – CELLULAR TRANSPORT • MAIN IDEA – Cellular transport _______________ substances __________________ the cell and moves substances _________ and __________ of the cell. • QUESTION: How can you tell when breakfast is cooking in the morning? • How did these smells reach your nose?

31. DIFFUSION • ______________________ is the net movement of particles from an area where there are __________ particles of the substance to an area where there are _________________ particles of the substance. • ___________________________ is the amount of a substance in a particular area • Substances diffuse from areas of _____________ concentration to areas of _______ concentration • __________ energy is required for diffusion • Particles already in motion • 3 factors affect rate of diffusion: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________

32. DIFFUSION ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE • Water can diffuse across plasma membrane, but most other substances cannot • __________________________uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules __________ the plasma membrane • Particles are moving from areas of _______ concentration to areas of ______________ concentration • __________ energy required • Also called _________ transport

33. OSMOSIS: DIFFUSION OF WATER • _________________ is the diffusion of ________________ across a selectively permeable membrane • Regulating the movement of water across the plasma membrane is important in maintaining homeostasis within the cell • Concentration is the measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent • Water molecules will diffuse _________________ the side with the ___________________________ concentration of ____________________

34. CELLS IN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION • Isotonic solution is when a cell has the ______ concentration of ____________________ and _______________ (ions, sugars, proteins, and other substances) as its cytoplasm. • “Iso” means equal • Water will ______________________ move across the plasma membrane, but at the ___________________________________ • Most cells are in isotonic solutions • Ex: _____________

35. CELLS IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION • _____________________ solution is when the cell is in a solution that has a _________________ concentration of _______________________________ • Hypo means under • Water will move __________ the cell causing the cell to ___________________ • If too much water moves into the cell the cell can ____________ • CELLS IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION • _____________________________ solution is when the concentration of the _____________________ outside of the cell is ______________ than it is inside the cell. • Hyper means above • Water will flow _________________ of the cell causing the cell to ________________________

36. PICTURE OF ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC, AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS

37. ACTIVE TRANSPORT • __________________________________ is when substances are moving from a region of __________________ concentration to a region of _____________________________ concentration • Going ________________ the concentration gradient so it ___________________________________________ • Proteins called ______________________ in the plasma membrane move the substances • Active transport helps maintain homeostasis

38. TRANSPORT OF LARGE PARTICLES • When substances are too large to move across the plasma membrane or by a transport protein, they are moved by: • __________________________________________ • Process where a cell ________________________ a substance in a portion of the plasma membrane • Membrane then __________________________ and leaves the substance ____________________ the cell • _________________________________________ • Process of secreting material from the cell • Reverse process of endocytosis • Used to ________________ and to secrete hormones • Endocytosis & exocytosis ___________________________

39. PICTURE OF ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS