Primate Husbandry and Nutrition Overview

1. PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition By: Monica Morgado http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

2. Conservation Status • Total # of Species • 254 • 107 Endangered • 102 Lower Risk • 8 Critically Endangered • 6 Not enough data • 4 Threatened • 3 Rare https://secure.worldwildlife.org/ogc/ogcAC_speciesDetail.cfm?gid=69 http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/44/primates.gif http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2007/primates/primates_01.jpg

3. Taxonomy of Extant Primates Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates http://afarensis.blogsome.com/2005/11/06/what-is-a-primate/ Prosimians *6 F New World Primates *2 F Old World Primates *1 F *2 SF OWP Lesser Apes *1 F OWP Great Apes *2 F Tarsiers *1 F

4. Prosimians and Tarsiers

5. Prosimians and Tarsiers • Most primitive of the primates • They’re NOT monkeys nor apes • Nocturnal and sensitive • Socialized and tropical • Most are endangered http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

6. Where can Prosimians and Tarsiers be found? http://www.globaltouch.net/mapit/world/WorldAtlas.gif

7. New World Primates

8. New World Primates (Monkeys) http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

9. New World Primates • Family Callithricidae • Smaller tamarins and marmosets • Family Cebidae • Sakis • Spider and Woolly • Owl • Capuchin • Howler • Titi and Squirrel • Uakaris

10. New World Primates • Live in the neotropical forests • Central and South America. • Range vastly in size • 6 inch pygmy marmoset • 3 feet howler monkey • Long tails (sometimes prehensile) • No buttock pads • No cheek pouches

11. Old World Primates(OWP)

12. Old World Primates (Monkeys)

13. Old World Primates • Family Cercopithecidae • Subfamily cercopithecinae • Macaques • Baboons • Mandrills • Vervet monkeys • Patas monkeys • Subfamily Colobinae • Colobus monkeys • Langurs • Leaf monkeys

14. Old World Primates • Live in Africa and Asia. • Larger than the New World monkeys. They are diurnal. • Longer hind legs than forearms. • Prominent buttock pads that they can sit on. • Tails, but not prehensile.

15. OWP-Great Apes

16. OWP-Great Apes • They have no tails. • The face is almost naked. • Live in complex social groups. • The arms are longer than the legs. • Rely mostly on vision and hearing rather than smell. Chimpanzees Orangutans Gorillas Humans Bonobos

17. OWP- Lesser Apes

18. OWP-Lesser Apes • Smaller and more slender forms • No tail • Gibbons live in pairs for life. • Siamangs are the largest type of gibbon. • http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

19. http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htmhttp://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

20. Nonhuman Primates as Pets • Most common Pet-Primate species: • Squirrel monkey • Capuchin or “organ grinder” monkeys • Spider monkeys • Marmosets • Baboons • Chimpanzees • Orangutans http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd191/ntuforex/Vol13issue2/82076ca5.jpg

21. Nonhuman Primates as Pets • Most Common Reasons People Buy Pet Monkeys: • "They're so cute!!" • "I wanted an unusual pet.“ • "They're so adorable dressed up like people!“ • Child substitute http://lolayabonobo.wildlifedirect.org/2008/03/14/tigers-in-the-backyard/

22. Require Permit Partial Ban Must Be Banded No Requirements Ban http://petmonkeyinfo.org/laws.htm

23. Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… • Make sure your primate has been bred in the U.S. and not imported. • Center for Disease Control of the United States Public Health Service Regulation in 1976 • Realize that monkeys are complex social/emotional animals • "high-care/high-need", "difficult" pets

24. Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… • Know that they are • Virtually impossible to toilet train • Can be destructive of property • Have a high propensity for biting • As they mature, their behavior becomes less predictable www.cynical-c.com/.../bloggraphics/miabite.jpg

25. Nonhuman Primate vs. Newborn Child http://www.superlaugh.com/pets/babymonkey.jpg http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/02Grevel_family2.jpg

26. Nonhuman Primate vs. 2yr Old Child http://www.pepperspollywogs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/WindowsLiveWriter/MonkeyingAround_7FE6/j0428530%5B3%5D.jpg

27. Nonhuman Primate vs. 5yr Old Child http://www.baynews9.com/images/news/2006/8/8/mood2.jpg

28. Nonhuman Primate vs. 15yr Old Kid

29. Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… • Know that they can have different relationships with members of a family: • liking the most dominant adult • picking on weakest or youngest family member • Monkeys have a life-span of 20-40 years. www.cynical-c.com/.../bloggraphics/miabite.jpg

30. Health Concern: Common Diseases • Nonhuman primates have a high potential for carrying zoonotic diseases: • Hepatitis • Tuberculosis • Owners should test their pets at least once a year. • Owners should be tested once a year. • Shigellosis • Salmonellosis • Herpes viruses

31. Herpes Simplex Viruses • Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes “B”) • Host: Macaques • Rhesus monkeys may develop ulcerations in the oral mucosa. http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Images/ZoonosisHerpesBRhesus.jpg

32. Herpes Simplex Viruses • Herpesvirus tamarinus (Herpes “T”) • 1ry Host: Squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys • Asymptomatic • Tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys, and titi monkeys • Clinical disease • May develop ulceration in lips, oral mucosa and conjunctiva.

33. Ulcerative dermatitis in a titi monkey Herpesvirus tamarinus

34. The Ideal Caretaker (patience….etc.) • Patience • Commitment • Do not over estimate their force for their size. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/media/photo/2008-04/37512900.jpg http://www.sptimes.com/2004/10/11/images/large/primate2.jpg

35. Primate Housing • Have the proper sized housing setups from day one. • Should allow large motor exercise, running and leaping.

36. Primate Housing • Cages for display are not usually large enough. • Cage must be setup with easy, hands-off cleaning in mind.

37. Primate Housing • Not recommended: • Kennel crates • Cat cages • Bird cages http://pet.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pPETS-3763322t400.jpg http://www.staffordmall.com/media/dog-crate.jpg http://www.freewebs.com/birdcages/chrome%20plated%20large%20parrot%20cage.jpg

38. Primate Housing • Primates of different species should not be housed together. • Prevent disease transmission • Species-specific behaviors • Interspecies aggression. http://www.salem-news.com/stimg/november122007/monkey_rhesusx2350.jpg

39. Primate Housing • A collar or harness should be worn continuously around the house. • Nonhuman primates should be caged while unattended. • Do not allow them to run loose in the home. http://www.fordogtrainer.com/pics/dog-training-equipment-choke-leather-collar.jpg http://www.wildcatcommerce.com/productimages/large/28/monkeykidsharness.jpg

40. Cage Accessories • Durable and easy-to-clean materials. • Special housing needs depending on the primate: • Arboreal • Nocturnal • Ranging http://www.primatecare.com/cage1.jpg

41. Cage Accessories • Lighting and climate controls should be on automatic. • 18-17ْْ C (65-80ْ F) • 55-70% Humidity • Marmosets 70-80% http://www.advancedradiantsolutions.com/image/2218681.jpeg

42. Toys and enrichment devices Mop heads strung with pasta and treats knotted on the ends Acrylic mirror Treats out of the cones “pylon surprises” Foraging for fallen treats http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/jennifer.html

43. Disinfectants • Cleaning cases, dishes, and toys • Roccal-D • Winthrop, New York, NY • One-Stroke Environ • Ceva Laboratories, Overland Park, KS http://www.valleyvet.com/swatches/21361_L_vvs_000.jpg http://www.animart.com/productimages/439.jpg

44. Nutrition for Old World and New World Primates • Nutritional deficiencies: • Owner’s lack of knowledge • Common protein deficiencies • high level of fruits and starches • Many owners feed table foods an not commercial biscuits or canned diets. http://ephemerist.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/monkey.jpg

45. Vitamin Deficiency • Vitamin C • Supplements needed due to decreased levels in diet after 90 days of storage. • Daily fresh fruits or monkey vitamins • 1-4 mg/kg of body weight every day • Causes: • Swelling of long bones and hemorrhaging of the gums

46. Vitamin Deficiency • Vitamin D3 (New World Monkeys) • Supplements needed due to insufficient sunlight. • 2000 IU per kg every day • Causes: • Soft bones, bone deformities and multiple fractures.

47. How much should I feed my primate? • Consumption of adults: • 3% to 5% of their body weight DAILY • Waste a lot of food • Greater quantity should be offered. • Offer “meals” 2-3 times a day instead of once daily. http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/Jen-Salad%2014.jpg

48. How about treats? • Commercial food • 80% to 90% of daily intake • Treats • Fresh fruits • Vegetables • Commercial “treats” • New World monkeys • Mealworms • Crickets • Canned dog food • Hard broiled eggs http://www.ericsons.net/images/343.jpg http://tarrant.tamu.edu/garden/images/Fruits.gif http://www.swarmsupplies.co.uk/images/Silent-crickets-6.jpg

49. Water and Fruit Juices • Water • Fresh and clean • Available at all times • Sipper-tube or valved water system. • Fruit juices • Offered occasionally as a treat. http://www.primatecare.com/water.jpg http://www.fehd.gov.hk/safefood/food_safety_plan/images/control_juice.jpg

50. OVERVIEW: • Do RESEARCH!! • Check with your state and county for local laws. • Have the right cage size for your primate. • Feed the right diet depending on the specie’s requirements.