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Theme 1, Unit 4, Lesson 2

10,000 Years of Burial. Theme 1, Unit 4, Lesson 2. Slide 2. Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2. Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers First people to arrive in Ireland. Mesolithic 8,000 – 4,000 BC. Slide 3. Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2. Ireland’s Oldest Burial- 7,500 BC.

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Theme 1, Unit 4, Lesson 2

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  1. 10,000 Years of Burial Theme 1, Unit 4, Lesson 2

  2. Slide 2 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers First people to arrive in Ireland Mesolithic 8,000 – 4,000 BC

  3. Slide 3 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Ireland’s Oldest Burial- 7,500 BC. Discovered in 2001 at Castleconnell, Co. Limerick, close to east bank of River Shannon • Burial: small pit • Type: cremation, adult, male • Grave Goods: stone axe, flint and chert tools

  4. Slide 4 Megalithic Tomb Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 • First Farmers Neolithic 4,000 – 2,000 BC

  5. Slide 5 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Construction of Megalithic Tomb by Stone Age Farming Community • Built along Atlantic coast from Portugal to Denmark • Built of large stones (mega- large; lithic- stone) • Burial chamber with entrance • Four types in Ireland • Portal Tomb (180 examples) • Court Tomb (410) • Passage Tomb (235) • Wedge Tomb (530)

  6. Slide 6 235 known examples Newgrange Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Megalithic Tombs:Passage TombsCourt TombsPortal TombsWedge Tombs Megalithic Tombs

  7. Slide 7 Megalithic Art Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Newgrange • SOPHISTICATED • SOCIETY • LARGE WELL-ORGANISED POPULATION • BELIEF IN AFTERLIFE • IMPORTANT PEOPLE BURIED IN IMPORTANT PLACES • ARTISTIC ABILITY • BELIEFS CONNECTED TO CHANGING SEASONS • CAPABLE ENGINEERS On the 21st of December the sun shines through the light box and lights up the passage and chambers

  8. Slide 8 Burial Chamber Burial Chamber Court Kerb Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Megalithic Tombs:Passage Tombs Court TombsPortal TombsWedge Tombs Court Tombs Cairn 410 known examples Court

  9. Slide 9 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Megalithic Tombs:Passage Tombs Court TombsPortal TombsWedge Tombs Portal Tombs 180 known examples

  10. Slide 10 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Poulnabrone, Co Clare • Excavated 1986-88 in advance of conservation • Remains of 22 burials discovered • Remains were male and female, adults and children • Bones disarticulated before being placed in tomb

  11. Slide 11 Human Pelvic Bone Flint Arrowhead Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2

  12. Slide 12 Stone Axe Head of Bone Pin Stone Disc Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Grave Goods • Polished Stone Axe • 2 Stone Beads • Decorated Bone Pendant • Bone Pin • Stone Disc • Pottery • Flint Arrowheads

  13. Slide 13 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 What Has Been Learnt From the Poulnabrone Excavation? • Men, women and children buried = NO DISCRIMINATION • Only one adult aged over 40, most died before they reached 30= LIFE SHORT • Skeletal remains show signs of arthritis = WORKED HARD • Dental wear on teeth showed evidence of stone-ground cereals = FARMERS • One adult male had arrowhead embedded in hip = DIED VIOLENTLY

  14. Slide 14 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Burial in Neolithic Ireland • Huge amount of resources and time were used to build Megalithic Tombs • The people who built them were a very well organised social group • Megalithic Tombs were sacred places • The belief in an afterlife was central to Neolithic life

  15. The Bronze Age Slide 15 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 • By 2,000 BC knowledge of metalworking in Ireland • End of Megalithic Tomb tradition with Wedge Tombs • New forms of burial monument introduced 2,000 BC-500 BC

  16. Bronze Age Burials Slide 16 Pit Burial Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Cist Burial

  17. Slide 17 Cairns Ring Barrow Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Ring Barrows and Cairns

  18. Arrival of Christianity Slide 18 Christian Life Revolved Around Monasteries Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Christianity arrived in the 5th century AD and had a profound effect on burial practice in Ireland

  19. Slide 19 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Early Christian Burial • Christians practiced inhumation, not cremation • The body was wrapped in a shroud and placed full-length in a shallow grave • The grave was symbolically aligned east-west • Individual graves were not marked • Burial in graveyard

  20. Slide 20 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Early Christian Grave

  21. Slide 21 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Medieval Burial • Powerful wealthy people had full-length effigies placed over their tombs • This tradition brought to Ireland by the Normans • An Fear Fáda, Kilfane, Co. Kilkenny • Cantwell knight in full armour • Dates to 13th century

  22. Slide 22 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 Tuam Pilgrim • 13th century male burial • Unmarked shallow grave • No evidence of a coffin • Grave aligned east-west- head to west • Scallop shell with burial- emblem of St. James • Pilgrim- Compostela

  23. Slide 23 Graveyards and Headstones Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 From around 1700 AD inscribed headstones at family plots became popular

  24. Slide 24 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 IHS This Testimony of sorrow Was Erectd by Margaret Moynahan Alias Howard in Memory of her Beloved Husband William Moynahan Late of Ballyncolly Who Deptd Life Septbr 24th 1832 Aged 63 yrs May his Soul rest in peace Amen

  25. Slide 25 Theme 1, Unit 4, LESSON 2 • Burial monuments show how people honoured the dead • A rich part of Ireland’s heritage • Provide an invaluable window to the past

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