1 / 24

Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

Community and Problem-Oriented Policing. Seventh Edition. Chapter 13. Addressing Offenders and Victims: Mental Illness, Domestic Violence, Cyber Criminals, and Human Trafficking. Learning Objectives.

scadorette
Download Presentation

Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Community and Problem-Oriented Policing Seventh Edition Chapter 13 Addressing Offenders and Victims: Mental Illness, Domestic Violence, Cyber Criminals, and Human Trafficking

  2. Learning Objectives 13.1 The definition of, and problems relating to, mental illness, and the kinds of approaches police can take to deal with them. 13.2The problem of domestic violence, and various methods for addressing it. 13.3 The nature of cybercrime/identity theft, and what police can attempt to do to diminish related victimization. 13.4The nature and extent of human trafficking, and the kinds of responses and legislation that have evolved to help to combat it and to assist victims.

  3. Introduction • Millions of Americans are affected by crimes and social problems that include: • Mental illness • Domestic violence • Cybercrime • Human trafficking

  4. Coping with the Mentally Ill PopulationWhen the Problem Becomes Lethal • People with mental illness can potentially be dangerous. (Especially those who also abuse drugs.) • Example: Aaron Alexis (court failure) and Mohamad Bah (naked and holding a knife!) • The police and the criminal justice system have become the nation’s de facto mental health system. • Can only be prosecuted if they are breaking the law. • Can’t be arrested for behaving oddly.

  5. Front-End, Back-End Issues • Front-end • Estimated the 20% to 40% of police CFS involve a mentally ill person. • One survey found that 9 in 10 patrol officers have at least one encounter with a mentally ill person in crisis each month. • Officers average about 6 encounters per month. • Back-end • America’s jails and prisons are termed as the “new asylums” • More than half of the inmates are mentally ill.

  6. What Can Police Do? The Success of CIT (1 of 2) • Mental health centers began to deinstitutionalize in the latter half of the 20thcentury. (Geraldo Rivera) • Police were left with few options or resources. • Created more homeless people. • Officers need training in dealing with the mentally ill. • Crisis Intervention Training/Teams (CIT) • Body language and voice to de-escalate situations • Teach officers diversionary options, rather than jails, to admit the mentally ill people • Only 2,700 agencies use the program

  7. What Can Police Do? The Success of CIT (2 of 2) • CIT may be difficult to adopt because it requires making large scale changes to almost every facet of police operations. • CIT effectiveness is difficult to measure. • Suggested strategies: • Work with the mental health community. • Work with emergency hospitals. • Appoint police liaison officers. • Train generalist police officers. • Use less-lethal weapons. • Target repeat criminals, locations, and hotspots.

  8. L.A. Sheriff on Mental Health Population • https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2019/04/08/la-county-jail-begins-mental-health-renovation • Kern County Department of Mental Health - MET Teams • Calif. W & I section 5150

  9. Domestic ViolenceDangers and Approaches (1 of 2) • Cycle of Violence (Stress – Trigger – Honeymoon) • Police response to domestic violence: • Past: police had limitless authority to arrest one, both, or neither parties. • Now police have specific policies on how to respond. • “Hidden crime” • Violent and 14% of all homicides, and 25% of all aggravated assaults involve domestic violence. • One of the most dangerous calls for law enforcement to respond to.

  10. Domestic ViolenceDangers and Approaches (2 of 2) • Common practices: • Approach carefully • Separate the parties (move the kids). • Collect evidence • Advise to obtain protection orders • Perform lethality assessments • Do domestic violence crime analysis • Have protocols for protecting children

  11. The Family Justice Center Concept • San Diego Family Justice Center (SDFJC) was created in 2002 • Exhibit 13-4 • Now a national model • Staffed with detectives, attorneys, sheriff’s deputies, and victim advocates who collaborate and share information

  12. CybercrimeNot Only in Film: Extent of Victimization • Cybercrime is an online crime that is a real threat to anyone on the Internet. • 1.5 million annual cyberattacks • Businesses are attacked an average of about 17,000 times per year • Half of American adults have had their personal information stolen by hackers each year • $18 billion in credit card fraud • Estimated that the annual global cost could be over $400 billion

  13. Types, Tactics, and Training (1 of 3) • Many forms: • Online identity theft • Financial fraud • Stalking • Bullying • Hacking • E-mail spoofing • Information piracy and forgery • Intellectual property crime • Romantic enticements

  14. Types, Tactics, and Training (2 of 3) • New York Electronic Crimes Task Force (NYECTF) (1995) partnered with the U.S. Secret Service and other public safety agencies to fight electronic crime • Now ECTF’s exist in 28 states • Work with INTERPOL • Purpose: prevention, detection, mitigation, and aggressive investigation of the nation’s financial and critical infrastructures

  15. Types, Tactics, and Training (3 of 3) • Some criminal statues fall under the Secret Service jurisdiction. • SS arrest 1,000 individuals for cybercrime violations that are responsible for $250 million in fraud losses a year. • Law enforcement lacks resources and trained personnel. • Need “cyber cops” • CyberScience Laboratory and e-Crime Intern Program

  16. DHS Involvement • DHS works with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations Cyber Crimes Center • Provides computer-based technical support to domestic and international investigations into cross-border crime. • Within DHS is the Law Enforcement Cyber Incident Reporting resource.

  17. Identity Theft: Nature and Victim/Police Responses • Identity theft (ID) – thief steals one’s personal information and uses it to commit fraud. • Victim can have their credit destroyed and spend time and money to restore. • 17.6 million persons over 16 years old, are victims of at least one incident of ID theft each year. • Majority of victims don’t know how their information was stolen. • 10% of the victims report the incident to the police. * * * • Critical that officers tailor responses.

  18. General Considerations for an Effective Response Strategy (1 of 2) • ID theft falls under the authority of many different agencies: • Federal, state, and local agencies may all be involved based on the offense • Multiagency task forces may be used • Very expensive and complex to solve • Prevention and victim assistance is key

  19. General Considerations for an Effective Response Strategy (2 of 2) • Recommended measures that police adopt: • Encourage businesses’ awareness of their responsibility to protect employee and client records • Educate people about protecting their personal information • Collaborate with government and other service organizations to protect private information • Work with local banks to encourage credit card issuers to adopt improved security practices • Track delivery (Although the USPS can’t keep up with mail theft.)

  20. Human Trafficking“Modern Day Slavery” for Victims • January is National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month • Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000: Human Trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. • Men, women, and children are victims. • United Nations estimates there are 2.4 million victims, with 80% being exploited as sexual slaves. • Also involves Agriculture, Domestic Services, Manufacturing.

  21. What Works? Collaboration is Key • No one agency can prevent human trafficking. • Relationships must be developed between different agencies with delegated tasks, and clearly defined roles. • Victims are often smuggled across borders with the promise of a better life, then, they are forced into servitude. • Trafficking Victims Protection Act has provided funding for human trafficking prevention and prosecution.

  22. The T Visa • “T” visa was created in 2000 and allows some victims of human trafficking and immediate family members to remain and work temporarily in the U.S. • Have to agree to assist the law enforcement and testify against the perpetrators. • Protects the victim from being forced to return to their country, (where here are threats against victim and family). • They can apply for federal and state benefits and programs through the HHS.

  23. The Office of Victims of Crime • OVC offers funding ($) for anti-trafficking programs. • Supports the TVPA’s goals. • Offers victims case management, legal assistance, clinical intervention, housing and medical care. • May also obtain transportation, emergency financial assistance, literacy classes, ESL, and employment services.

  24. Additional Law Enforcement Efforts: The Diagnostic Center • DOJ provides assistance to the Diagnostic Center • Established in 2012 • Employs data-driven strategies for combating human trafficking • Exhibit 13-7 The city of Albert Lea, Minnesota: • Identifying Extent of Human trafficking in the community • Improving Law Enforcement Training (Sex Trafficking Indictors in the Community) • Raising Community Awareness

More Related