ELECTRIC DRIVES

1. ELECTRIC DRIVES Ion Boldea S.A.Nasar 1998 Electric Drives

2. 3. POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS (P.E.Cs) FOR DRIVES 3.1. POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES (P.E.Ss) a.) b.) Figure 3.1.The diode symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic b.) Electric Drives

3. The thyristor is used especially in P.E.Cs having an interface with a.c. power grids, at high power levels and low commutation frequencies (up to 300Hz in general). a.) b.) Figure 3.3. The GTO’s symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic b.) Electric Drives

4. The GTO (gate turn off thyristor) (figure 3.3) is a fully controllable P.E.S.. Its saturation is obtained as for the thyristor but its blocking is accessible when a negative current iG is applied to the command (driver) circuit. a.) b.) Figure 3.3. The GTO’s symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic b.) Electric Drives

5. a.) b.) Figure 3.4. The bipolar junction transistor symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic b.) a.) b.) Figure 3.5. MOS transistor symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic Electric Drives

6. a.) b.) Figure 3.6. IGBT’s symbol a.) and its ideal characteristic b.) • The P.E.Cs may be classified in many ways. In what follows we will refer to their input and output voltage / current waveforms and distinguish: • a.c. - d.c. converters (or rectifiers); • d.c. - d.c. converters (or choppers); • a.c. - d.c. - a.c. converters (indirect a.c. - a.c. converters) - 2 stages; • a.c. - a.c. converters (direct a.c. - a.c. converters). • We should notice that a.c. - d.c. - a.c. converters contain an a.c. - d.c. source side converter (rectifier) and a d.c. - a.c. converter called inverter. These converters are mostly used with a.c. motor drives of all power levels. Electric Drives

7. 3.2. THE LINE FREQUENCY DIODE RECTIFIER FOR CONSTANT D.C. OUTPUT VOLTAGE Vd Figure 3.7. Diode rectifier with output filter capacitor a. single phase b. three phase Electric Drives

8. Let us consider first a basic rectifier circuit (figure 3.8) with instantaneous commutation and a line source inductance Ls providing constant Vd on no load. Figure 3.8.Basic rectifier equivalent circuit a.) and the voltage and current waveforms b.) The diode starts conducting when at t1. At t2 Vs = Vd but, due to inductance Ls, the current goes on in the diode until it dies out at t3 such that Aon = Aoff. In fact the integral of inductance voltage VL from t1 to t1+T should be zero, that is the average flux in the coil per cycle is zero: (3.1) As Vd is close to the maximum value , the current i becomes zero prior to the negative (next) cycle of Vs. Electric Drives

9. Figure 3.8 illustrates only the positive voltage, that is diodes D1 - D2 conducting. For the negative Vs, D3 - D4 are open and a similar current waveform is added (figure 3.9). Figure 3.9. Single phase rectifier - the waveforms As long as the current id is non zero: (3.2) (3.3) For qon: (3.4) Electric Drives

10. For wt = qoff, id(wt) = 0 and from (3.3) we may calculate qoff as a function of qon. Finally the average coil flux linkage LsId is: (3.5) For given values of LsId, iteratively qon, qoff and finally Vd are obtained from (3.3) - (3.5) (figure 3.10). Figure 3.10. Vd versus LsId Electric Drives

11. 3.3. LINE CURRENT HARMONICS WITH DIODE RECTIFIERS The line current has the same shape as id in figure 3.9 but with alternate polarities (figure 3.11). Figure 3.11. Source current shape Also the current fundamental is lagging the source voltage by the displacement power factor (DPF) angle j1: (3.6) Electric Drives

12. The source current r.m.s. value is Is. Thus the apparent power magnitude S is: (3.7) where Vs is the r.m.s. voltage value. The power factor (3.8) where (3.9) So (3.10) A strong distortion in the line current will reduce the ratio Is1 / Is and thus a small power factor PF is obtained even if DPF is unity. Now (3.11) The total harmonic current distortion THD (%) is: (3.12) Electric Drives

13. where (3.13) The peak current Ispeak is also important to be defined as a relative value constant called the crest factor (C.F.): (3.14) (3.15) or the form factor (F.F.): It has been shown that the displacement power factor DPF is above 0.9 but the power factor PF is poor if the source inductance Ls is small. Example 3.1. A single phase diode rectifier with constant e.m.f. is fed from an a.c. source with the voltage (Vs = 120V, w = 367rad/s). The discontinuous source current (figure 3.11) initiates at qon = 600 and becomes zero at qoff = 1500. The source inductance Ls = 5mH. Calculate the d.c. side voltage Vd and the waveform of the source current id(wt). Electric Drives

14. According to figure 3.9 from (3.3) we obtain: (3.16) (3.17) From (3.17): (3.18) Now from (3.3) again: (3.19) Electric Drives

15. Consequently: (3.20) Though not convenient to use, (3.19) - (3.20) allow for the computation of Is (rms), peak current Ispeak, fundamental I1, TDH% (3.12), crest factor (3.14), average d.c. output current Id. Electric Drives

16. 3.4. CURRENT COMMUTATION WITH Id = ct AND LS0 For the constant d.c. current Id = ct (figure 3.12), a.) Figure 3.12. Current commutation in single sided rectifier with Id = ct. a.) equivalent circuit; b.) source current; c.) rectified voltage Electric Drives

17. Ideally (Ls = 0), the source current will change stepwise from -Id to Id at wt = 0 and wt = p (figure 3.12.b). Due to the nonzero Ls, during commutation, all four diodes conduct and thus Vd = 0. For wt < 0 D3D4 conduct while after commutation (wt > u) only D1D2 are on. As Vd = 0, the source voltage during commutation is dropped solely across inductance Ls: (3.21) Through integration for the commutation interval (0,u): (3.22) (3.23) We find: Now the average d.c. voltage Vd is: (3.24) Electric Drives

18. where (3.25) is the ideal (Ls = 0) average d.c. voltage (figure 3.12c). So the source inductance Ls produces a reduction in the d.c. output voltage for constant d.c. output current. The current commutation is not instantaneous and during the overlapping period angle u all four diodes are conducting. Electric Drives

19. 3.5. THREE PHASE DIODE RECTIFIERS In industrial applications three phase a.c. sources are available, so three phase rectifiers seem the obvious choice (figure 3.13). Figure 3.13. Three phase diode rectifier Electric Drives

20. The load resistance RL with a filtering capacitor Cd may be replaced by a constant d.c. current source Id. Using the same rationale as in the previous paragraph we obtain: (3.26) with where VLL is the line voltage (rms). Electric Drives

21. The corresponding waveforms for Ls = 0 are shown in figure 3.14 and for Ls0 in figure 3.15. Figure 3.14. Three phase ideal waveforms for Ls = 0 Electric Drives

22. For nonzero Ls a reduction of output d.c. voltage (3.26) is accompanied by all three phases conducting during the commutation angle u (figure 3.15). Figure 3.15. Three phase current commutation with Ls0 Electric Drives

23. On the other hand, for constant d.c. voltage (infinite capacitance Cd), as for the single phase rectifier, the source current waveform is as in figure 3.16. Figure 3.16. Three phase rectifier with finite Ls and infinite Cd (Vd = ct.) - the source current and voltage Electric Drives

24. Example 3.3. Commutation overlapping angle u. For a single phase or three phase a.c. system (star connection) with phase voltage , calculate the commutation angles u, ideal no load voltage and load voltage of single or three phase diode rectifier delivering a constant d.c. current Id = 10A for the source inductance Ls = 5mH. Solution: For the single - phase diode rectifier, using (3.23): (3.28) u = 22.7270 The ideal no load voltage Vd0 (3.25) is: (3.29) (3.30) Electric Drives

25. For the three phase diode rectifier (3.27) u is: (3.31) u = 12.220 Vd0 and Vd (from 3.26) are: (3.32) (3.33) Thus the filtering capacitor Cd is notably smaller in three phase than in single phase diode rectifiers. Electric Drives

26. 3.6. PHASE - CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS (A.C. - D.C. CONVERTERS) Table 3.1. Phase controlled rectifier circuits Electric Drives

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29. 3.7. D.C. - D.C. CONVERTERS (CHOPPERS) Table 3.2. Single phase chopper configurations for d.c. brush motors Electric Drives

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31. Figure 3.17. Multiphase d.c. - d.c. converters for switched reluctance motors If an a.c. source is available a diode rectifier and filter are used in front of all choppers (figure 3.17). Electric Drives

32. 3.8. D.C. - A.C. CONVERTERS (INVERTERS) Figure 3.18. Voltage source PWM inverter a. basic configuration b. output waveforms Electric Drives

33. Figure 3.19. Current source inverter a. basic configuration b. ideal output waveforms a.) b.) Electric Drives

34. Figure 3.20. Bi-directional power flow (dual) a.c. - d.c. converter with unity power factor and sinusoidal inputs - d.c. voltage link Electric Drives

35. Figure 3.21. A.c. - d.c. - a.c. converter with bi-directional power flow and unity input power factor - d.c. current link Electric Drives

36. 3.9. DIRECT A.C. - A.C. CONVERTERS Figure 3.22. Six - pulse cycloconvertor for a.c. motor drives Electric Drives