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Fast Direct X-ray Pixel Detector for Time-Resolved Synchrotron Experiments

Joint development of a fast pixelated X-ray camera for time-resolved studies at Synchrotron SOLEIL, enabling pump-probe diffraction experiments to study induced structural dynamics in various material samples. The project focuses on specific detector requirements, synchronization with synchrotron bunches, high beam flux, and energy selection. The detector, designed by AGH-USC, offers high frame rates and counting linearity, perfect for time-resolved measurements with photon counting approach.

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Fast Direct X-ray Pixel Detector for Time-Resolved Synchrotron Experiments

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  1. Fast direct X-ray pixel detector for time resolved experiments at synchrotrons Arkadiusz Dawiec, Synchrotron SOLEILJournéesThématiques du Réseau Semi-conducteurs IN2P3-IRFULes détecteursrapides et leurélectroniqueassociéeMarseilles, 11/06/2019

  2. Synchrotron techniques Imaging/scanning Spectroscopy CDI, STXM, XCT, PCI, … XAS, XRF, XANES, EXAFS … Scattering Time resolved XRD, Laue, PX, SAXS, WAXS, GISAXS, XRR … • exploits naturally pulsed beam • different methods (pump-probe, kinetics, …) • time scales (> ps range)

  3. Motivation – experiment principle Joint development of a Fast pixelated X-ray camera for time resolved studies between SOLEIL’s Detector, Electronics, Software groups and Cristal beamline Pump and probe-probe time resolved diffraction experiments at Cristal beamline Pump and probe time resolved diffraction experiments at Cristal beamline Exploiting pulsed synchrotron beam (probes) for studies of induced structural dynamics in different material samples by a very short laser pulses (pump) electron bunches sample detector Δt2 147 ns Δt1 Experiment scheme RX (probe) Laser (pump) SOLEIL’s improvement of the classical method

  4. Motivation – challenges • Specific detector requirements: • shutterless single bunch separation => min. counting time ≈100 ns(all time-resolved SOLEIL filling modes exhibits 147 ns bunch separation) • synchronization with synchrotron bunches => gateable • energy selection => 2 thresholds (two images) • 5 kHz laser repetition rated (pump) => min. 20 kfps (2 images and 2 probes) • single photon resolution and high dynamic range => photon counting approach • high beam flux => above 109ph/s/mm² • min. working energy 7 keV=> min. threshold ≈3.5 keV • beamline integration => Tango controlled

  5. The detector • designed by AGH-USC (Krakow, PL) • pixels 75 × 75 µm² • two discriminator, two counters (14 bits) • in pixel offset and gain corrections • high framerate (> 50 kHz @ 2-bits readout) • high counting linearity (> 106ph/pix/sec) • min. counting time ≈100 ns The UFXC32k readout circuit (Ultra Fast X-ray Chip 32k) Hybrid pixel single photon counting detector sensor (Si) bump bonding readout chip (ASIC)

  6. Detector R&D roadmap 2016 - 2017 2017 - 2018 2019 - 2021 2022 - … Prototyping phase 2 8-chip Demonstrator Feasibility phase 1-chip Prototype Prototyping phase 1 2-chip Prototype Prototyping phase 1b 2-chip Prototype (ODE) Realized Confirmed performance Under design studies Underrealization 1 × 2 cm² 128 × 256 pixels 10 kfps Very limited performance DAQ not adapted for synchrotron experiments 2 × 2 cm² 256 × 256 pixels 20 kfps 4 × 1 cm² 128 × 512 pixels 20 kfps 4 × 4 cm² 512 × 512 pixels 50 kfps

  7. Feasibility studies Characterization and qualification of the single chip prototype for time resolved measurement at SOLEIL (CRISTAL beamline) • several tests on Metrologies and Cristal beamlines Single chip prototype High flux measurements Very good single packetseparation 2.5×106 ph/s/pix Single packet region PXI readout DAQ A. Dawiec et al., Characterisation of the UFXC32k hybrid pixel detector for time-resolved pump-probe diffraction experiments at Synchrotron SOLEIL, J. Instrum. 12, (2017) C03057. A. Koziol et al., Evaluation of the UFXC32k photon-counting detector for pump–probe experiments using synchrotron radiation, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 25.2, (2018). 1-chip detector tested and validated for pump probe experiments

  8. Feasibility studies Evaluation of the UFXC32k detector for time resolved EXAFS at SOLEIL (ODE beamline) W and Mo absorption spectra measured with energy dispersive beam D. Bachiller-Perea, et al. Evaluation of a hybrid pixel detector prototype for time resolved experiments at the ODE beamline of the SOLEIL Synchrotron, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip., (2018). Single chip detector tested and validated for absorption spectroscopy with energy dispersive beam

  9. The 2-chips prototype Final and temporary DAQs architectures All in house development • validation tests • preliminary beamline tests • in-lab characterization

  10. The 2-chips prototype Detector main characteristics: Detector High voltage with monitoring Low voltages with monitoring • Surface: 2 × 2 cm² (256 × 257 pixels) • Pixel size: 75 × 75 µm² • Sensor: Si 320 µm • Number of counters: 2 × 14 bits • Number of discriminators: 2 • Framerate on implemented readout modes: • 20 kfps @ 2 bits • 3 kfps @ 14 bits • Available triggers: • Software • External • Pump probe • Pump-probe gate: 60-120 ns • Several new readout modes Temperature sensor Power supply VHDCI connectors

  11. The 2-chips prototype DET board wirebonding region • In-house PCB design • On-board local and high voltages • Temperature and voltages (LV an HV) monitoring

  12. The 2-chips prototype DAQ board Firmware architecture • Monitoring • Control and configuration • Acquisition and data transfer

  13. The 2-chips prototype Software • Communication (TCP) • Acquisition (UDP) • Image processing library • Native Lima plugin • Tango Control device Low counter/discri image High counter/discri image

  14. The 2-chips prototype In-lab characterization temporary DAQ strategy • hybrids quality: < 0.03 % bad pixels • offset and gain corrections: 1.8 % threshold dispersion • energy scans: 16 % ΔE/E @ 10 keV (low gain mode) Energy scans 8 keV 10 keV 14 keV lp/cm: µm: 17 294 19 263 21 238 23 217 Confirmed detector characteristics

  15. The 2-chips prototype Beamline tests temporary DAQ strategy • first detector integration on the beamline • verification of single bunch isolation • verifications of the detector functioning in presence of the laser Teflon diffraction @ 7 keV Without Al shielding With Al shielding Shielding LASER OFF LASER ON LASER ON LASER OFF Detector completely validated for the time resolved pump probe experiments

  16. Experimental results First pump and probe-probe diffraction experiment on CRISTAL beamline InSb April 2019 Principle of the experiment: Measure photoinduced structural changes in InSb sample (reference) as a variation of diffracted intensity in function of the pump probe delay Detector Laser pulse 800 nm, 25 fs X-ray pulse 7.065 keV, 100 ps • Objective(s): • Verify complete detector chain behaviour in real experimental conditions • Compare performance to the currently used detector (XPAD3.2)

  17. Experimental results Unpublished work, ongoing analysis • Experimental setup: • Energy = 7.065 keV • Machine mode = 8 bunches (12.5 mA bunches every 147 ns) • Gate width: • XPAD = 100 ns • UFXC = 120 ns • Laser (pump) repetition rate = 1 kHz • Measured pump probe delays: • First probe: t0 + Δt [-500 ps to 1 ns, steps 25 ps] : both XPAD and UFXC • Second probe: t0 + 500 µs : only UFXC Measured diffraction peaks @ 7.065 keV truncation rod XPAD 3.2 15 × 15 pixels 1.95 × 1.95 mm² UFXC 26 × 26 pixels 1.95 × 1.95 mm² Low counter image Bragg peak

  18. Experimental results Unpublished work, ongoing analysis Variations of the diffracted intensity (UFXC) in function of the pump probe delay Unpumped signal Pumped signal truncation rod Bragg peak • Main UFXC advantages: • Capability to work with lower beam attenuation  better statistics • Correction of drifts in the experimental conditions  better data quality • Improvement of spatial resolution • Suppression of the harmonics photons (or pileups) with second threshold

  19. Ongoing developments • New 2-chips geometry: • Size: 4 × 1 cm² (512 × 128 pixels) • Dedicated for applications with energy dispersive beam • Same performance as standard 2-chips prototype • New PCBs design completed  realization • Medium scale demonstrator: • Size: 4 × 4 cm² (512 × 512 pixels) • Targeted applications: • Time resolved: pump probe, kinetics, XPCS … and also TR EXAFS • CDI (if possible) • Other applications (i.e. real time control of beam attenuation) • Improved performance, e.g. target framerate 50 kfps @ 2 bits (or 13 kfps @ 14 bits) • Ongoing studies on the best readout architecture Hybrid pixels for the new detectors are already under realization

  20. Conclusions • The 2-chips prototype is fully operational and will be proposed very soon to the users • New detectors geometries are under design and/or realization • Several new applications are already identified  beamline tests foreseen in the following months • first all in-house ‘hybrid pixels’ detector development at SOLEIL  open new opportunities internally (adapted detector to specific experiment) and externally (collaborations with other synchrotrons) !! Thank You for your attention !! Interested in MAPS development for synchrotrons ?  see Benjamin Boitrelle’s poster

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