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Microwave Applications Missile Seekers & Radars

Microwave Applications Missile Seekers & Radars. Contents. 1. Missile Guidance 2. Semi-Active Seeker 3 . Anti-Radiation Seeker 4. Active Radar Seeker 5 . PESA Seeker 6. PESA Radar 7. AESA Radar 8. Automotive Radar 9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar. 1. Missile Guidance.

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Microwave Applications Missile Seekers & Radars

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  1. Microwave Applications Missile Seekers & Radars

  2. Contents 1. Missile Guidance 2. Semi-Active Seeker 3. Anti-Radiation Seeker 4. Active Radar Seeker 5. PESA Seeker 6. PESA Radar 7. AESA Radar 8. Automotive Radar 9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar

  3. 1. Missile Guidance • Missile Guidance Operational Sequence

  4. 1. Missile Guidance • Missile Guidance Sensor

  5. 2. Semi-Active Seeker • Concept - A separate target radar illuminates the target - A passive radar receiver detects the signal reflected from the target. - Most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft missile - Monopulse tracking Sum beam Azimuth difference beam Elevation difference beam - Example Hughes AIM-4 Falcon

  6. 2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head - X-band, 40cm diameter, dual-polarized - V-pol. : microstrip-fed slotted waveguide array - H-pol. : microstrip dipole array - Monopulse feed network

  7. 2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head

  8. 2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head - Specifications Frequency 9.75-10.05GHz CW & pulsed, 0.76μs, 20-400kHz Receiver bandwidth: narrow band 4kHz/10kHz, wideband 56kHz, very wideband 923kHz Coherent processing interval: for data collection 50ms, for auto-track 0.5-16ms Channel-to-channel tracking accuracy: gain 0.5dB(1σ), phase 3.0º rms Absolute amplitude error: < ±1.0dB Gimbal limits: ±50º pitch, ±40º yaw Angle accuracy: < 1.0mrad (0.057º)

  9. 3. Anti-Radiation Seeker • Avtomatika L-112E anti-radiation seeker - Gimballed multiple baseline interferometer - Seven wideband hemispherical spiral antennas - 36cm diameter, 107cm length

  10. 4. Active Radar Seeker • Platforms - Missile diameter: 150-400 mm - Missile Types: air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-surface • Capabilities - Target detection - Lock on: at ranges up to 70 km - Automatic tracking - LOS rate measurement for missile guidance - Anti-jamming

  11. 4. Active Radar Seeker • Technology Components - Stabilization by a gimbal - Radome - Antenna & mechanical scanner - Transmitter & receiver - Power supply - Signal processor - Computer - Interface

  12. 4. Active Radar Seeker • Active radar seeker: block diagram

  13. 4. Active Radar Seeker • Example - Moscow Agat Research Institute, 9B-1103M - Thin flat-plate slotted waveguide antenna, 350mm diameter

  14. 4. Active Radar Seeker • Phazotron PSM-E Ka-band active radar seeker - Missile: 2.5-40km range, maximum missile speed 920m/s, - Tank detection range: 4km - Range accuracy: 8-10m - Scan angle: ±30º AZ, ±20º EL - Target velocity measurement accuracy: 0.5m/s - Range accuracy: 8-10m - Weight: 16kg

  15. 5. PESA Seeker • Commercial T/R modules - API Technologies X-band quad T/R module - Zhuk AE quad X-band T/R module

  16. 6. PESA Radar • PESA (Passive Electronically Scanned Array) Concept

  17. 6. PESA Radar • PESA Components - Antenna Phase shifter: digital control Attenuator: digital control Beam-steering computer - Transmitter Klystron: high voltage power source, single point of failure - T/R isolation Circulator, duplexer, switch - Exciter: waveform generator - Receiver: one receiver High dynamic range requrirements Single point of failure - Digital signal processor - System computer

  18. 6. PESA Radar • T/R Module, Block Diagram

  19. 6. PESA Radar • PESA Pros and Cons - Electronically scanned beam: e-scan - Short range: all solid-state transmitter - Long range: high-power vacuum tube transmitter - Better than mechanical scan: longer life, more reliable - Pulse type, frequency agile, frequency hopping - Narrow band mode, wide band mode - Can be configured for ECM, passive scanning - Multiple beam forming possible with digital processing! - Compared to AESA Lower cost Lower power consumption Lower internal heating Less reliable: catastrophic single point failure Less capability

  20. 6. PESA Radar • N011M PESA Radar for Su-27 - X-band, 96cm diameter, slotted planar array - Scan range: ±70º AZ, ±45º EL

  21. 6. PESA Radar • MBDA Meteor BVRAAM - Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile - 18cm diameter - Advanced active radar seeker: detection, tracking and classification of targets

  22. 7. AESA Radar • AESA system with data link and multiple sensors

  23. 7. AESA Radar • Mechanical scanning versus AESA

  24. 7. AESA Radar • Multi-Function Radar

  25. 7. AESA Radar • AESA Concept

  26. 7. AESA Radar • Digital Array Radar (DAR) - Enabled by high levels of integration and Moore's law - Flexibility: software-defined - Real-time signal modification to task and condition - Multiple frequencies simultaneously - Different functions on different sub-arrays - Different signals on different parts of the array: co-located MIMO

  27. 7. AESA Radar • OFDM DAR

  28. 7. AESA Radar • AESA Pros and Cons - Electronically scanned beam: e-scan - Multiple beams and multiple frequencies at a time - Fast scan rate - Multiple target tracking - Multiple tasks at the same time - Robust against radar jamming - All solid-state transmitter - Pulse type, frequency agile, frequency hopping - Narrow band mode, wide band mode - Can be configured for ECM, passive scanning. - Compared to PESA More expensive Far greater Internal heating More reliable: graceful degradation

  29. 7. AESA Radar • AESA Components - Antenna Radiating elements T/R module Beam-former Beam-steering computer - Exciter: waveform generator - Receiver: RF signal digital conversion - Signal processor: target detection - Radar controller: synchronize, control and schedule radar operation

  30. 7. AESA Radar • AESA Technical Issues - Advanced active array architecture Digital phased array radar system - Polarimetric phased array Dual-polarized phased array - Multi-mission phased array DBF: simultaneous multi-beams Multi-frequencies - System cost - Maintenance considerations

  31. 7. AESA Radar • Clutter Attenuation in AESA Radar - Limited by hardware instability errors Pulse-to-pulse phase/amplitude errors Intra-pulse noise - Major contributors to the clutter attenuation performance limit ADC 1st LO HPA LNA Exciter - Active antenna improves system clutter attenuation Errors are de-correlated across distributed HPA/LNA Active antenna clutter attenuation: 57dB Passive antenna clutter attenuation: 47dB

  32. 7. AESA Radar • AESA vs PESA - Passive: high-peak power, low duty 1000 elements 1MW Tx power 1% Tx duty 10kW average power 20kW prime power at 50% PAE - Active: low-peak power, high duty 1000 elements 5W T/R module 10% Tx duty 500W average power 2kW prime power at 25% PAE

  33. 7. AESA Radar • Digital Beam-forming (DBF) in AESA

  34. 7. AESA Radar • Digital Beam-forming (DBF) in AESA - Signal digitation at the radiating element / sub-array level - Number of beams: limited by computation latency and data throutput - DBF advantages Increased instantaneous dynamic range (IDR): 60 dB → 77 dB Improved clutter attenuation

  35. 7. AESA Radar • Digital Beamforming in AESA - Active digital beamforming - FFT beamforming

  36. 7. AESA Radar • Pulse Compression - Matched filtering on receive: auto-correlation - Use FIR filter

  37. 7. AESA Radar • Doppler Processing - Coherent processing interval (CPI) - Processing demands: very low latency → fast memory and parallel processing

  38. 7. AESA Radar • High-accuracy Ultra-high-speed Signal Processing - Huge range of received signal levels: 100 dB - Quantization noise level should be well below the receiver noise floor - High precision and high dynamic range of the data path - SNR of 30 dB for reliable detection • Radar Signal Processing Engine - GPUs - Multicore CPUs: Analog Device Tigersharc, Freescale's PowerPC - DSPs - FPGAs • Signal Processing Processor

  39. 7. AESA Radar • AESA Signal Processing Chain

  40. 7. AESA Radar • Doppler Processing - Coherent processing interval (CPI) - Processing demands: very low latency → fast memory and parallel processing

  41. 7. AESA Radar • Dual-Polarization Configuration Modes - Alternating transmit and simultaneous receive (ATSR) mode - Simultaneous transmit and simultaneous receive (STSR) mode - Alternating transmit and alternating receive (ATAR) mode - Cost comparison parameters RF switch cost Transmit chain cost Receive chain cost Digital beamforming processing Off array signal processor

  42. 7. AESA Radar • LIGNEX1AESA prototype (2010): X-band, 10W x 500, 32dB gain, antenna diameter 590 mm

  43. 7. AESA Radar • LIG NEX1 AESA: system block diagram

  44. 7. AESA Radar • LIG NEX1 AESA: antenna and T/R module

  45. 7. AESA Radar • RAVEN ES-05 radar for GRIPEN E multi-role fighter

  46. 7. AESA Radar • Raytheon AN/APG-79 for F/A-18E/F

  47. 7. AESA Radar • Canted antenna arrangement - Coverage improvement - Reduction of the structural mode RCS

  48. 7. AESA Radar • AESA seeker example - Japan: AAM-4B missile with J/APG-2 AESA radar seeker - Russian: Upgraded R-77 with AESA seeker • Related information very scarce!

  49. 8. Automotive Radar • Automotive Radar Frequencies - 24GHz UWB: 22-26.65GHz , -41dBm/MHz EIRP, 30/80m range, 20cm resolution - 24GHz ISN NB: 24.05-24.25GHz, +20dBm EIRP, 30/70m range, 75cm resolution - 77GHz: 76-77GHz, +50dBm EIRP, 60/250m range, 25-100cm resolution - 79GHz: 77-81GHz, -3dBm/MHz EIRP, 30/80m range, 4-8cm resolution - 122GHz: 122-123GHz, +20dBm/MHz EIRP, 3m range, 1-10mm resolution

  50. 8. Automotive Radar • Automotive Radar Market - Intense international competition: price, quality, reliability, performance - Huge market, huge production quantities: $12 billion by 2025 - Emerging applications: smart car, self-driving vehicle - Leader-ruled market Sensor MMIC chips: Infineon, STM, NXP Long range radar: Bosch (Germany), HELLA KGaA (Germany), Continental (Germany), Denso (Japan), Delphi (UK), Autoliv (Sweden), Valeo (France), Conti-Temic, TRW, Hitachi Fujitsu Ten, Mitsubishi Electric Short range radar: Bosch, Tyco (M/A-Com), TDK, s.m.s GmbH, Siemens-VDO, Hella InnoSent Valeo, MTS GmbH, Hitachi

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