Oats, Wheat, & Forage

1. Oats, Wheat, & Forage

2. Types of Production • 1. Grain (Foodstuff and Feedstuff) • By-product is straw • 2. Hay • Small bale • Large bale • 3. Silage • Pit • Bag

3. Land rotation program • It can follow Corn, Sudan, Cotton, Alfalfa, Trees (Almond or Walnut), ect..

4. Wheat • Top producing states are: • Kansas • Texas • Oklahoma • Montana • North Dakota

5. Wheat • Commercial Wheat Classes • Hard Red Winter Wheat • Hard Red Spring Wheat • Soft Red Winter Wheat • Hard White Wheat • Soft White Wheat • Durum Wheat

6. Hard Red Winter • Fall seeded • Accounts for more than 40% of total U.S. production. • Wide range of protein content 10 – 13.5% • Used to produce bread, rolls, and all-purpose flour

7. Hard Red Spring Wheat • The highest protein content at 13 – 16.5% • Excellent bread qualities with superior milling and baking qualities • Spring seeded

8. Soft Red Winter Wheat • Low to medium protein content • Used for making pastries, cakes, flat breads, and crackers

9. Hard White Wheat • Newest class of wheat to be grown in the U.S. • Similar to hard red, except grain color and flavor • Used in yeast breads, hard rolls, tortillas, and oriental noodles

10. Soft White Wheat • Similar uses as soft red winter wheat • Low protein and high yeilds

11. Durum Wheat • Hardest of all U.S. wheats • Spring planted • High protein content 12-16% • Used for making pasta products

12. Species of Wheat • There are 3 species of wheat. • 7 pairs of chromosomes • 14 pairs of chromosomes • 21 pairs of chromosomes

13. Land Preparation • This will depend on what crop it follows. • Must typical; • Chisel or Rip • Disk 2x • Drill (could be broadcasted, then harrowed) • Roller

14. Planting Dates • Irrigated • September - March • Dry Land • Depends on rainfall. After a good storm.

15. Seeding rates • Irrigated • 75 – 100 lbs/ac • Dry land • 40 – 60 lbs/ac

16. Fertilization • 50 to 60 lbs/acre Nitrogen • 22 lbs/acre Phosphorous • 8 lbs/acre Potassium • Lagoon water is used if available

17. Irrigation • Unless planted very early in the season or there is a dry winter, usually no irrigation. • Some dairy’s empty their lagoons by irrigating the wheat.

18. Pest Problems • Hessian Fly • Wheat jointworm • Wheat strawhorn • Wireworm • Wheat stem sawfly • Green bug.

19. Hessian Fly

20. Wheat jointworm

21. Wheat strawhorn

22. Wireworm

23. Wheat stem sawfly

24. Green bug

25. Weed management • Spray with Buctril, 2-4 D, MCPA at a rate of 1 pint/ac • Common weeds will be chickweed, fiddle neck, burning nettle.

26. Diseases Wheat • Rust • Bunt • Wheat scab • Loose smut • Take all root rot • Wheat scab • Mosaics

27. Rust

28. Bunt

29. Wheat scab

30. Loose smut

31. Take all root rot

32. Wheat scab

33. Mosaics

34. Harvesting • When to cut for hay? • When to cut for silage • Grain? 13%

35. Milling Wheat & Wheat By-Products • Clean • Wash if needed • Cracking and crushing into small fine particles • Bran is darker and goes into lower grades of flour • Whiter fractions go into the higher grades of flour – patent flour • Then it is further bleached (chlorine & hydrogen peroxide is used)

36. Milling Wheat & Wheat By-Products • By-products are often called “offal” • Middlings (granular fractions of endosperm) are sold as “cream of Wheat” • Other by-products are sold as animal feed.

37. Grades • Table 19-6 on page 566 • 1,2,3,4, & 5 • U.S. sample grade

38. Diseases • Oats, none but there is rust • Wheat • Rust • Bunt • Wheat scab • Loose smut • Take all rot rot • Wheat scab

39. Pest Problems • In oats - Aphids • If they get to bad, don’t spray just cut.