The French Revolution and Napoleon

1. The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815

2. Bourgeoisie Deficit spending Émigré Sans-culotte Suffrage Nationalism Estate Napoleonic Code Cahier Plebiscite Annex Blockade Guerilla warfare Abdicate Legitimacy Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe The French Revolution and Napoleon

3. The French Revolution and Napoleon • On the Eve of Revolution • The French Revolution Unfolds • Radical Days of the Revolution • The Age of Napoleon

4. The French Revolution Begins…

5. Cause #1: Enlightenment Ideas New ideas about power and authority began to spread among the Third Estate. People began to question the structure of society using words such as equality, liberty, and democracy. The success of the American revolution inspired many people to begin to discuss the radical views of Rousseau and Voltaire.

6. Cause #2: Economic Crisis • There was Deficit spending (govt. spent more than it took in) • The Seven Years War = Strained the Treasury • The government borrowed more $$$$ • The upper class resisted any taxes • Bad weather created a food shortage • Bread prices doubled and people are starving

7. Cause #3: Weak Leadership • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette • They Married very young • Came into power at a very young age • Criticized throughout their reign by their people

8. On the Eve of Revolution – The Old Regime • France was divided into three classes, or Estates

9. The First Estate • Made up of Clergy • They were wealthy and privileged • Owned 10% of the land • Paid no direct taxes to the state • Condemned the Enlightenment

10. The Second Estate… • Were the Nobles • Held top jobs in government, army, courts, and the Church • Had land, but little $$ • Feared that they would lose their freedom • Did not pay taxes

11. The Third Estate= Bourgeoisie • Bourgeoisie=“Middle Class” • In 1789, 3rd Estate was 98% of population • 9 out of 10 people were rural peasants • Some Bourgeoisie had $, but most did not • Many were unemployed lived in cities

12. On the Eve of Revolution – The Old Regime • The 3rd Estate was made up of everyone else. Ranging from doctors and lawyers to laborers to panhandlers and criminals • Conditions were very bad for the 3rd Estate with rising taxes, a bad harvest and miserable wages

13. On the Eve of Revolution – The Old Regime • The ideas of the Enlightenment and the example of the American Revolution led the 3rd Estate to question the old order and demand change

15. On the Eve of Revolution –A Financial Crisis • The government for years had been deficit spending, spending more money than it brought in • In the 1780s bad harvests sent food prices soaring • The French royalty did little to solve the problem

16. The Palace of Versailles

17. On the Eve of Revolution – The King Takes Action • King Louis XVI called for the first meeting of the Estates General in 175 years • Estates General, a legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates • The king had all three estates prepare cahiers, or lists of their grievances

18. On the Eve of Revolution – The King Takes Action • The Estates General was deadlocked over the issue of voting, traditionally, each estate voted separately allowing the first two Estates to outvote the 3rd

19. On the Eve of Revolution – The King Takes Action • The delegates of the 3rd Estate turned themselves into a National Assembly

20. On the Eve of Revolution – The King Takes Action • The National Assembly found itself locked out of their meeting place one evening so the members met at an indoor tennis court where they took the “Tennis Court Oath” • They pledged to meet until a new French Constitution was formed

22. On the Eve of Revolution – The King Takes Action • Several reform minded nobles joined the National Assembly • French troops gathered in Paris and it was rumored that the King was going to dissolve the National Assembly

23. On the Eve of Revolution – Storming the Bastille • On July the 14, 1788 over 800 Parisians gathered at the Bastille, a fortress used as a prison, to demand weapons • Soldiers at the Bastille opened fire on the crowd but the crowd overran the prison

24. On the Eve of Revolution – Storming the Bastille (July 14th) • No weapons were found

25. Creating a New France – Great Fear (Peasant Revolts) • The crisis was punctuated by famine • Even some with jobs spent 80% of their income on bread • Peasants began attacking and raiding the homes of nobles

26. Creating a New France – Revolts in Paris and the Provinces • Marquis de Lafayette, who had marched with George Washington, headed the National Guard in response to royal troops in Paris • Many in the capital were more radical and demanded an end to the monarchy

27. Creating a New France – Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • On August 4th, noble members of the National Assembly voted to end their own privileges

28. Creating a New France – Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • In late August, the Assembly published the Declaration of the Rights of Man, in many ways it mirrored the Declaration of Independence

29. It proclaimed that all male citizens were equal and that government exists to protect the rights of citizens

30. Creating a New France – Women March on Versailles • Women marched 12 miles in the rain chanting “Bread” to the palace at Versailles • Much of the crowds anger had been directed at the Queen Marie Antoinette of Austria • In order to end the march, the King had to return with the women to Paris • For the next 3 years, Louis XVI was a virtual prisoner in his own capital

31. Women March on Versailles

32. Creating a New France – A Time of Reform • In order to pay off government debt, the Assembly voted to sell Church lands, in addition it took control of the Church • Many priests and the Pope condemned this action • Many peasant also disagreed, creating separation between them and the revolutionaries in Paris

33. Creating a New France – A Time of Reform • In 1791 the Assembly created a constitution with a limited monarchy and an elected legislature to which only 50,000 men were eligible • The revolution seemed complete

34. Creating a New France – A Time of Reform • The King and Marie Antoinette tried to escape the capital in disguise • They were recognized and returned to Paris • They were viewed as traitors to the revolution

35. Creating a New France – Reaction Outside of France • Supporters of the Enlightenment applauded the reforms of the National Assembly • Leaders throughout Europe denounced the revolution and increased border security • The King of Prussia (Antoinette’s Austrian brother) threatened to intervene to protect the French Monarchy • The revolutionaries prepared for war

36. Creating a New France – War at Home and Abroad • Many working class people called sans-culottes, those without knee britches, demanded a republic and a living wage • Certain members of the Assembly, the Jacobins, agreed with the sans-culottes Sans-Culottes

37. Creating a New France – War at Home and Abroad Factions grew within the Assembly: • the conservatives (supported old ways) sat on the right, • moderates in the center, • and the liberals (supported new ideas) on the left • The left gained power and declared war on Austria in 1792, the fighting lasted until 1815

39. Radical Days – Downfall of the Monarchy • The French were doing poorly against the Austrians, Royalist officers were deserting • Revolutionaries who thought the King sided with Austria killed the King’s guards but the King managed to escape • A month later, people attacked and killed the nobles and clergy that were being held in prison

40. Radical Days – Downfall of the Monarchy • Radicals took over the Assembly and demanded suffrage, the right to vote, for all male citizens not just property owners • In 1792, the Assembly abolished the monarchy, produced a new constitution, and eliminated titles of nobility • Many emigres, nobles, clergy, and others, fled France fearing for their lives

41. Radical Days – Downfall of the Monarchy • Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor, he was found guilty by one vote and was beheaded in January 1793.

42. Radical Days – Death of the Queen • Antoinette was executed in October, and their son died in a dungeon • OFF WITH HER HEAD!!!

43. Radical Days – The Convention Under Siege • In 1793 France was at war with much of Europe including Britain, the Netherlands Spain and Prussia

44. Radical Days – The Convention Under Siege • The Assembly created a Committee of Public Safety, 12 men who were given almost absolute power in order to save the revolution • At home the government handled counter-revolutionaries under the guiding hand of Maximilien Robespierre, who quickly became the leader of the Committee

45. Radical Days – The Convention Under Siege • Robespierre was the chief architect of the Reign of Terror which lasted or 1 year • He believed that “Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals loose their heads” • 40,000 people may have died in the Reign of Terror. Many were victims of false accusations or mistaken identity

46. Radical Days – The Convention Under Siege • The guillotine was the new way of execution • The Convention finally turned on the Committee of Public Safety and, once their heads fell, the killing slowed

47. Radical Days – Reaction to the Directory • In reaction to the Reign of Terror, moderates produced a 3rd constitution • It set up a five-man Directory and a two-house legislature elected by males of property

48. Radical Days – Reaction to the Directory • People again became discontent as prices rose • Politicians turned to a popular military hero, Napoleon Bonaparte, to advance their own goals

49. Radical Days – Women in the Revolution • Women were very involved in the revolution • Disappointed that the Declaration of the Rights of Man did nothing for women, Olympe de Gouges had published the Declaration of the Rights of Women • Women gained some rights but they did not last after Napoleon gained power

50. Radical Days – Changes in Daily Life • The culture of France changed in the 10 years of revolution • People gained a strong sense of national identity • Nationalism: is a deep feeling of pride and devotion for ones country • Elementary school became required and school became public • Slavery was abolished in some French colonies and religious toleration was extended