Sophomore Grammar

1. Sophomore Grammar Let’s review!

2. What are the five different types of phrases? • Prepositional Phrase • Appositive Phrase • Infinitive Phrase • Gerund Phrase • Participial Phrase (Participle)

3. An appositive phrase contains an appositive noun that provides information about the preceding noun. • Appositive:(Not part of a phrase) My sister Sylvia has a pet salamander. • Appositive Phrase: My brother, the one eating the meal, teaches history.

4. Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases • Infinitives: to eat, to sleep, to dream, to ponder • Infinitive Phrases: to eat the meal, to sleep all night, to dream the impossible dream, to ponder life’s magnificence • Infinitive phrase begins with to + a word that looks like a verb: • She would like to be a doctor.

5. Now our next concept: • Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

6. What do these phrases have in common? • Gerund Phrases: • eating the meal, • sleeping all night, • dreaming the impossible dream, • pondering life’s magnificence

7. Grammar • Gerund phrases begin with a word that looks like a verb and ends in –ing. Gerund phrases act as a noun in a sentence. Treat them as if they are one word. They can act as subjects, direct objects, objects of a preposition, predicate nouns, and appositives.

8. Do you know what these are? • Direct Object • A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. • Gerund as a D.O.: • I love splashing. Direct Object • Harry heard splashing in the pool.

9. Gerunds as the subject: • If the verb expresses action—like sneeze, jump, bark, or study—the subject is who or what does the verb. • Gerund Phrase as the SUBJECT: • Splashing in the pool was challenging. Subject

10. Object of a Preposition • A preposition is a word that shows a relation between a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. • The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun that comes after the preposition. • By splashing in the pool, I cooled myself off.  Object of a Preposition

11. predicate noun • A predicate noun is a noun that is used to rename the subject of a sentence. It follows a form of the verb "to be". For example, in the phrase "She is stupid", stupid would be the predicate noun because it follows is, which is a form of "to be". • A predicate noun is a noun or noun phrase portion of a clause used to express a description of the subject. As in, 'He is a good man.' Here, 'a good man' is the predicate noun. • My favorite activity is splashing in the pool.  Predicate Noun

12. Appositive • My favorite activity, splashing in the pool, makes me feel refreshed.  Appositive

13. One challenge in identifying gerunds is being able to determine whether the –ing word is being used an action verb or a predicate noun • My favorite activity is splashing in the pool. Activity is the subject. Splashing in the pool equals the subject which makes it a predicate noun, and is is the linking verb. • Another test is to make sure the subject can actually perform the action of a verb. The subject activity cannot perform the action of splashing.

14. Action verb? Predicate Noun? • John is splashing in the pool.  In this case, splashing is an action verb because the subject John is performing that action.

15. Write a sentence using the following words in a gerund phrase according to the instructions. • 1. dreaming (subject) • 2. cruising (object of a preposition) • 3. skiing (direct object) • 4. thinking (predicate noun)