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CARTOGRAPHY. Do All Roads Lead to Rome?. Circle Graph. Bar Graph. Where Do Maps Fit into Geography?. Chart. Line Graph. Shows relationships between two sets of information When all points are made, a line is drawn connecting the points Quick idea of trends or directions. Bearing.
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CARTOGRAPHY Do All Roads Lead to Rome?
Line Graph • Shows relationships between two sets of information • When all points are made, a line is drawn connecting the points • Quick idea of trends or directions
Legend or Key is used to use symbols to represent something else
Scale • Defines the relationship between distance on the map and corresponding distance on the earth. • Units of measure on bottom of the map
History of Maps • Earliest Babylonians 2300 BC cut into clay tiles • China developed maps on silk around the 2nd Century BC • Anaximander made the first map to represent the known world 6th Century BC—circular form and showed lands around Aegean Sea
History of Geography • Considered by many as the “Father of Geography” • Developed a system of latitude and longitude • First to calculate the circumference of the Earth • Map with latitude and longitude developed in 200 BC
Maps • Maps are representations of an area of the Earth or space. • Atlas is a collection of maps bound together • Sextant invented in 1730 by John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey: using a telescope, horizon and sun or another celestial body, the sextant measures the angle between the horizon and the celestial body--Helps to determine latitude. • Compass points to magnetic north pole
Maps • Oldest map 2700 BC from Sumerians on clay tablets • Oldest map drawn to scale by Greek geographer Anaximander in 6th Century B.C.E., placed Greece in the center
Ptolemy’s Map • From Alexandria • Published around AD 150 • Earliest map to use mathematically accurate forms of conic projection
History of Maps • After Rome fell, Europe did not produce maps • Arabian geographer, al-Idrisi made a map of the world in 1154 • 15th Century Paolo de Pozzo Toscanelli among first scholars to state that ships could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe
History of Maps • During 16th Century, Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator devised a projection for his map of the world used by navigators • Published 3 volumes of maps, collected data and refined map making methods
Early Maps • Told about topography of a country or area in relation to the navigator’s country
Topographical Maps • General Locations and political boundaries • Land and cultural features • Cross-Section
Relief Map • Gives a 3-D view of geographic features • Used by Engineers and Military
Cylindrical Projection • Paper cylinder around a globe • Shape of continents near the middle are most accurate • Regions near the poles are stretched out of proportion
Azimuthal Projection • Piece of paper over a globe at one point • Useful in viewing polar regions because they are in the center of the paper. • Distortion increases as longitudinal lines move toward the Equator
Conic Projection • Cone over globe • Map free of distortion in the middle latitude regions
Goode Projection • 1923 by J. Paul Goode, a geographer and cartographer from the University of Chicago • Earth drawn in irregular joined parts • Minimal distortion of land masses • Used for thematic maps
Robinson Projection • Orthophanic Projection • Transfers information from a round globe to a flat surface • Elliptical in shape and shows world on a single plane • Poles are lines instead of points • Designed in 1963 by Arthur H. Robinson of University of Wisconsin • Minimizes distortion, especially near Equator • This is the most widely used today.
Modern Mapping • Satellites capture images of the Earth’s weather patterns, growth of cities, health of plants, and buildings and roads
Review Questions • What is Cartography? • What are three types of projections and what are they used for? • What is the significance of the topographical thematic type of map for the military? • What are 5 characteristics of all maps? What do they have on them? • What is climate and why is it important to understand? • Know 5 U. S. states and their capitals for the weekly quiz (from the 13 you have already learned)