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Explore the significant events and influences leading to the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny, including U.S. involvement in Latin America, the Texas Independence, Mexican-American War, and the impact on U.S. imperialism. Understand the motives, conflicts, and consequences of territorial expansion, highlighted by figures like William Walker and the concept of divine sanction for expansion. Delve into the moral and political debates surrounding imperialism, democracy, and respect for subject nations, alongside economic, social, military, and religious interests driving U.S. overseas imperialism during the late 19th century.
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What is the most important purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? • What events might have influenced the declaration of the Monroe Doctrine?
First U.S. confrontation with Latin America From 1820-1835, 100,000 U.S. citizens immigrated to Northern part of Mexico In 1830, the Mexican government forbids further U.S. emigration to Texas.
Mexico was in the way of “Manifest Destiny” • “…our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our multiplying millions.” the idea of divine sanction for the territorial expansion of the United States.
Mexican-American War 1846-1848 • Texas annexed by the United States in 1845 • Mexico warns U.S; war breaks out 1846 • Also known as “United States Intervention in Mexico” or “Invasion of Mexico” • Disputed area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces Rivers • U.S. sends troops south of the Nueces
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory to the U.S., including parts of …Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.
William Walker- “Filibuster” Wanted to establish a colonial empire in Latin America …and create slave states to join with the United States.
The Saga of the “Grey-eyed Man of Destiny” • Wanted to add large tracts of land to the U.S.—slaves states • Invaded Mexico, then Nicaragua • Declared himself president of Nicaragua in 1856 • Recognized by U.S. • Reinstated slavery, English as official language, encouraged immigration from U.S. • Defeated in battle, then surrendered to U.S. Navy and returned to U.S. • 1860, tried to invade Honduras, captured by British Navy, turned over the Hondurans who executed him by firing squad.
1823: Monroe Doctrine • Introduced by U.S. Pres. James Monroe in a speech to Congress, 1823: “The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
Can a democracy rule an empire or does it inevitably corrupt democratic institutions? • Was 1898 a real departure in U.S. attitudes and acceptance of imperialism? • Why did the improvements in infrastructure not win over the local population? • Do you agree with Marti that the problem is often one of respect (a lack of respect) of subject nations?
1890s • The U.S. enters an era of overseas imperialism. • What factors might have influenced this?
1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade:1870-1914
2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
. • In your table groups come up with a definition of imperialism
Imperialism • a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. • How does this connect to economics or business?
3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Man’sBurden The Hierarchyof Race
4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionariesin China, 1905
Designs on CubaOstend Manifesto-1854 • Government dispatch that laid out why the U.S. should purchase Cuba from Spain, or if not, should seize it. • “Indeed, the Union can never enjoy repose, nor possess reliable security, as long as Cuba is not embraced within its boundaries.” • “Its immediate acquisition by our government is of paramount importance, and we cannot doubt but that it is a consummation devoutly wished for by its inhabitants.” • “Considerations exist which render delay in the acquisition of this island exceedingly dangerous to the United States.”
Cuba in the 1800s • Never got independence from Spain • Major sugar producer, particularly after the Haitian Revolution • 1825 U.S. worried that it would be a base for slave revolts in the South • Several revolts against Spanish; 10 years war in 1868 • 3 invasions by refugees and Americans, defeated • Slavery finally abolished in 1886
Cuban War of Independence 1895-98 • “Mambi” (rebels or patriots) soldiers
ValerianoWeyler’s“Reconcentration” Policy • 1896, Weyler orders Cuban civilians into fortified towns • By 1898, more than 1/3 of Cuban population forcibly moved into these towns • Lack of food, sanitation, and shelter • Disease and famine kills up to 400,000 Cubans
Cuban War of Independence 1895-98 • Launched Feb. 24, 1895, under leadership of José Martí, national hero • Martí returns to Cuba from exile and is killed in battle May 1895 • Spanish bring in 150,000 troops under Gen. Valeriano Wyler
Jose Marti • “The scorn of our formidable neighbor who does not know us is our America’s greatest danger.” • “The trees must form ranks to keep the giant with seven-league boots from passing!”
U.S.S. Maine • U.S. battleship blows up in Havana harbor on night of February 15, 1898. 266 US sailors killed. • U.S. inquiry finds that an external mine blew up ship—doesn’t say who placed it—implication was obvious that Spain was the culprit
Yellow journalism: “Spanish TreacherY!” • U.S. newspapers cry for revenge. William R. Hearst of New York Journal offers $$ reward to find perpetrators • U.S declares war April 25, President McKinley didn’t want it but was forced into it. • It was likely an accident, probable cause--coal dust
Jingoism • Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.
Spanish-American War • Lasted only from April until August 1898. Less than 350 U.S. killed in battle • Spanish utterly defeated Spanish fleets in Cuba and the Philippines destroyed • U.S gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam as colonies • Cuba gained independence but came under U.S. control • Cubans have no say in treaty
Teller and Platt Amendments Congressional acts to control Cuba Teller Amendment: April 1898 Platt Amendment: February 1901
Teller Amendment 1898 • In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. It stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people."
Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1901) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo • Overwhelming U.S. military firepower • As many 250,000 civilians died of disease, famine and combat • More than 4,000 U.S. soldiers died • Insurgency continued in various forms until 1913
“Crucible of Empire” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g8NpQsmxj4&list=PLiOfak_NP_cFtCewotXyu214seUjFNrr8 • The Century America's Time - 1920-1929: Boom To Bust • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RN7ftyZigYs
