American Imperialism

1. American Imperialism Foreign policy in America had been dominated by two ideas. 1. Washington’s isolationist warning in his Farewell Address 2. Monroe’s warning that Europe should not interfere in the Americas. MONROE DOCTRINE

2. Isolationism • Isolationism is like ___________ because… • ISOLATIONISM – Definition • Synonym • Antonym • Examples of when the US has practiced Collective Security

3. Collective Security • Collective Security is Like _______ because • DEFINITION • Synonym • Antonym • Examples of when the US has practiced Collective Security

4. Internationalism • Internationalism is Like _______ because • DEFINITION • Synonym • Antonym • Examples of when the US has practiced Internationalism

5. Imperialism • Imperialism is Like _______ because • DEFINITION • Synonym • Antonym • Examples of when the US has practiced Imperialism

6. Taking Notes on Classmates Presentations • List the reasons why the United States was interested in the land or country. • What was the United States influence in that country before our direct intervention? • List the effects, or impact that our foreign policies had on these countries

7. Isolationism to Imperialism • Causes for expansionist attitudes: • Overproduction • demonstrated need for new markets, especially overseas. • Expansion of Industry • new sources for raw materials were needed by business. • America looked to Latin America and East Asia for new markets and sources of materials.

8. Military Interests or Strategies • Alfred Thayer Mahan writes “Influence of Sea Power upon History.” Traced and linked Britain’s growth to sea power. He suggested: • America would only be a world power if it grew as a sea power. • Isthmus of Panama was needed to connect the oceans. • America needed more ports, harbors, and trade ships for commercial interests around the globe.

9. Religious Interests • Missionary impulse was based on what Rudyard Kipling entitled the “white man’s burden.” • Developed nations must bring civilization to more underdeveloped nations. • In the eyes of the west, civilization meant “White Anglo-Saxon Protestantism.”

10. Social Darwinism • Darwin’s theory of the “survival of the fittest” was extended to society in general. • A belief that those who excelled in the world were destined to excel, and somehow the poor were at fault for being poor.

11. Closing of the American Frontier • The census of 1890 observed that the American frontier had come to a close. • Based on this notion, Frederick Jackson Turner wrote his famous “Turner’s Thesis” which stated that the American frontier had served to guide the nation’s political and social policy. • A crisis of overcrowding would perhaps occur because there was now no outlet for the many immigrants coming to America.

12. America Looks Overseas • Panic of 1893, labor unrest, farm movement, lent support for suggestions that America faced a crisis. • America found a new frontier—Overseas. • American imperialism was informal. • In contrast to the British, America did not build a formal empire with large military presence and vast territorial holdings.

13. Acts of American Imperialism • The drive for overseas expansion: • Secretary of State John Seward favors a empire in North America consisting of Canada, the Caribbean, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands. • Purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for 7.2 million dollars. • Known as “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox.” • Secured rights to Midway Islands in 1867.

14. Hawaii • New England Missionaries go to Hawaii in 1820’s. • Commercial treaty was signed in 1849. • The U.S. recognized independence, but in 1875 allowed sugar into states without duty/tax if no territory was given to another power. • In 1887, the U.S. secured the rights to Pearl Harbor for a naval base. • White minority revolt in 1893 removes native monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, from power. • Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898 although delayed due to native resistance.

15. Critics of Imperialism Speak Out • National debate over annexation of Hawaii raised three arguments: • Imperialistic policy was for special interest groups. Who were the special interest groups? • Dangerous departure from American tradition. • Non-Anglo-Saxon-Protestant peoples will endanger the nation and this will imperil the American value system.

16. Height of Imperialism in America • Spanish-American War • American press sympathizes with Cuban “freedom fighters” • Yellow journalism • Death of many civilians due to martial law imposed by new governor increases crisis • In February 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor • The U. S. refused to arbitrate

17. The War in Cuba • April 1898 war declared • Teller Amendment states U.S. will not acquire Cuba as new territory • Theodore Roosevelt leads the Rough Riders in Cuba • “Remember the Maine” is the war slogan • War lasted 113 days • U.S. casualties more from disease than fighting

18. Results of the War • Armistice signed on August 12, 1898 • Spain received $20 million for the Philippines, and the Philippines were declared an American protectorate independent in 1946. • Cuba was independent with some qualifications through the Platt Amendment: • The U.S. had veto over Cuba’s foreign policy • The U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs • Naval base at Guantanamo Bay

19. Post War Policy • Military governor Leonard Wood modernized sugar, improved sanitation, and established schools. • Guam and Puerto Rico were transferred as American territories • Jones Act of 1917 gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship • The Cost of War was $250 million dollars with 5,462 casualties (362 died in battle), and 1604 wounded

20. China - Background

21. China – Open Door Policy

22. Causes Western Frontier Closes Businesses seek raw materials and new markets European nations compete for raw materials and resources Effects U.S. develops a strong Navy Open Door Policy protects trade with China After Span-Am War, U.S. gains lands in Caribbean and Pacific Panama Canal is built U.S. sends troops to Latin America to protect interests Overseas Expansion