Explore Evolution: Speciation, Isolation, and Adaptations

1. Evolution Part 2

2. look 1. Speciation is when a group of organisms ____ alike and can ________ to produce ______offspring. interbreed fertile

3. 2. What is needed from a gene pool to form a new species? • Isolation

4. 3. What is a group that can, but rarely interbreeds within a species and varies in characteristics? • A subspecies

5. 4. What are the 3 things that are needed for a new species to be formed? • -Offspring develop completely • -Offspring live to reproductive age • Offspring are fertile

6. 5. What are the 3 main mechanisms of isolation that lead to new species? • Geographic • -Behavioral • -Temporal

7. 6. What type of isolation is caused by a physical barrier? Give an example. • Geographic • -mountains, canyons, water etc.

8. 7. What type of isolation is caused by differing mating signals? Give an example. • Behavioral • -bird mating songs

9. 8. What type of isolation is caused mating in different seasons? Give an example. • -Temporal • -Seasonal change in mating-Autumn to winter

10. 9. What is it called when speciation occurs slowly? • Gradualism

11. 10. What is it called when speciation occurs in bursts with long periods between? • Punctuated equilibrium

12. 11. The theory that living things comes from nonliving things is… • Spontaneous generation

13. 12. What is the modern day, widely accepted theory that all living things come from other living things? • Biogenesis

14. 13. Name the 3 scientists and identify the experiment they used to disprove spontaneous generations • Redi-covered vs. uncovered meat-uncovered produced maggots • Spallanzani-covered vs. uncovered gravy-only organisms in uncovered. • Pastuer-curved necked flask-no organisms for a year until neck was broke

15. 14. When was Earth formed? • 4.6 bya

16. 15. What types of cells were formed first? They were followed by what type of cells .5 billion years later? • -prokaryote ~2bya • eukaryote~1.5bya

17. 16. Using the information above, scientists developed the Endosymbiotic Theory which states…… • The eukaryote cells came from prokaryote cells

18. 17. What was missing from primitive Earth’s atmosphere that modern life requires? • Oxygen

19. 18. What is it called that we divide history into significant time periods? • Geologic timeline

20. 19. What are the subdivisions of eras? • periods

21. 20. What is it called when an event causes many things is disappear at the same time? Give 2 examples that could cause it. • -Mass extinction • -volcano eruptions • -climate changes

22. 21. What is the change in hereditary features in a species over time? • evolution

23. 22. What are the 5 primate adaptations? • -developed cerebrum • -long fingers/toes • -Rotating shoulders • -Binocular vision • -Similar dental formula

24. 23. What are the 2 additional hominid adaptations? • -Bipedal • -opposable thumb

25. 24. What is the ability to walk on 2 legs called? • bipedal

26. 25. What are the 2 main benefits of this type of movement? • -gives speed • -frees hands

27. 26. What is free rotating digit on hand (easily touch other fingers)? • Opposable thumb

28. 27. What is the benefit in this type of thumb? • Grabbing objects and precision

29. 28. What is it when the dental pattern is in a similar arrangement? • Dental formula

30. 29. Why are the teeth different? • For different food types

31. 30. What was the “Southern Ape” and how long ago did they exist? • -Australopithecus • -3-5mya

32. 31. Describe them: • -small brain • -bipedal • -similar pelvis

33. 32. Who was the “handy man” and how long ago did they exist? • -Homo habilis • -1.5-2 mya

34. 33. What were they the 1st to do? • Make and use tools

35. 34. Describe them. • Larger braincase

36. 35. Who was the “upright man” and how long ago did they exist? • -Homo erectus • -~1.75 mya

37. 36. What were they the 1st to do? • To leave Africa

38. 37. Describe their lifestyles. • -hunters • -used fire • -lived in caves

39. 38. Describe them. • -larger brain • -humanlike face

40. 39. Which hominid lived 200,000-300,000 y.a.? • Homo neanderthalensis

41. 40. Were they direct ancestors of the modern human? • no

42. 41. What were they the 1st to do? • Use spoken language

43. 42. Describe them. • -thick bones • -large face • -prominent nose

44. 43. Which hominids were the 1st to be direct ancestors to modern humans and when did they live? • -Homo sapien Cro-Magnon • -40,000-50,000 ya

45. 44. Describe their lifestyles. • -advanced tools • -religious views • -cave paintings

46. 45. What characteristics are similar to modern humans? • -height • -skull • -teeth • -brain size similar to modern humans

47. 46. What is the scientific name for modern humans and what does it mean? • -Homo sapien sapien • -wise man

48. 47. What are the 4 “ages” and list the corresponding period. • -Ice Age-Quaternary • -Age of Dinosaurs-Triassic • -Age of Fish-Devonian • -Age of invertebrates (Cambrian)

49. 48. List the 4 eras and match them to all their periods. • -Cenozoic Era-(1.Tertiary and 2. Quaternary periods) • -Mesozoic Era- (1. Triassic, 2. Jurassic, & 3. Cretaceous) • -Paleozoic Era-(1.Permian, 2.Carboniferous 3.Ordovician, 4.Silurian, 5. Devonian, 6.Cambrian) • -Precambrian

50. 49. What period and era are we living in? • Cenozoic Era and Quaternary Period