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Measurements

Delve into the world of measurements with this guide. Learn about length, volume, temperature, mass, and more. Discover the importance of accuracy and precision in measurements, and understand how to record measurements effectively. Explore the significance of uncertainty in measurements and how to achieve accurate results. Gain insights into significant figures and the parts of a measurement. Enhance your skills in using different measuring instruments to ensure precise readings.

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Measurements

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  1. Measurements Length Volume Temperature Mass Will learn to use different measuring instrument Will learn that the smaller the unit increment, the more accurate your measurement will be Will learn the difference between measurements that are accurate and those that are precise Will learn to record measurements in the correct number of digits.

  2. Parts of a Measurement • The value (numerical portion) • The unit (describes what units) • The name of substance being measured EX: 1 teaspoon salt 2 liters of pop

  3. Uncertainty in Measurement Measurements -are an estimated amount -a numerical value with attached units that expresses a physical quantity such as length, mass, volume, time or temperature -are only as good as the instrument used to make the measurement.

  4. Uncertainty in Measurement • All measurements have a certain degree of uncertainty • No matter how careful you are • No matter how carefully you read the measuring instrument • No measurement is perfectly accurate • The quality of our measurements are stated in terms of accuracy and precision

  5. Uncertainty in Measurements • Accuracy: how closed the measurement is to the reference value • Precision: How close repeated measurements are to each other

  6. Accuracy = of a measurement is how close that measurement is to the true or “exact” value EX: Standard weight = 5.00g 4.98g more accurate than 5.12 g

  7. Accuracy • Also subject to the reliability of the measuring instrument • The smaller the increments of units on the instrument, the more accurate

  8. Length Measurements Measuring the length of a metal rod • Ruler A has more uncertainty and gives less precise measurements. • Ruler B has less uncertainty and gives more precise measurements. Metric Rulers for Measuring Length.

  9. Precision • Precision = making reproducible or repetitive measurements of the same quantity • How fine the divisions are • There will always be some uncertainty because of the limits in the accuracy of your instruments

  10. Precision versus Accuracy Precise but inaccurate Precise and accurate It is also possible to have an accurate measurement without being precise. Imprecise and inaccurate

  11. “Accuracy is telling the truth….. Precision is telling the same story over and over again.” Yiding Wang yiang@mtu.edu

  12. Strive for measurements that are accurate and precise Measurements you perform will be used in subsequent calculations In scientific measurements all the digits known w/certainty, plus the one estimated digit, are known as significant figures or significant digits.

  13. Significant Figures Significant figures: is defined to be all digits in a number representing data or results that are known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit. 5.4 cm 7 0 1 2 3 5 8 4 6 9 10 cm 5.48 cm 7 0 1 2 3 5 8 4 6 9 10 cm

  14. Significant figures or Significant digits • ANY numbers generated by means of a measurement (length, volume, time, etc) should be expressed in the correct number of significant figures. • This reflects how close the measured values are to the true values.

  15. Length MeasurementsLab 3Scientific MeasurementsPage 30

  16. Measurements With a Ruler orMeter Stick – Look at it FIRST! – Where is “0”

  17. Protractor for Measuring Angles

  18. Measuring Angles Units are degrees (º)

  19. Angle MeasurementsLab 3Scientific MeasurementsPage 31

  20. Using a Vernier Caliperhttp://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/vernier/ • Used to accurately determine the fraction part of the least count division. • Length of an object, the outer diameter (OD) of a round or cylindrical object, the inner diameter (ID) of a pipe, and the depth of a hole.

  21. Parts of a Caliper

  22. Main scale Auxillary (Venier) Scale • The caliper consists of a main scale engraved on a fixed ruler and an auxiliary caliper scale engraved on a movable jaw • The movable auxiliary scale is free to slide along the length of the fixed ruler. • The main scale is calibrated in centimeters with the smallest division in millimeters. • The auxiliary scale has 10 divisions that cover the same distance as 9 divisions on the main scale. Therefore, the length of the auxiliary scale is 9.0 mm.

  23. When the caliper is closed and properly zeroed the first mark (zero) on the main scale is aligned with the first mark on the auxiliary scale. • The last mark on the auxiliary scale will then coincide with the 9 mm-mark on the main scale. • This is read 0.00 cm.

  24. Once the caliper is positioned to make a reading, make a note of where the first mark on the auxiliary scale falls on the main scale. • We see that the object's length is between 1.2 cm and 1.3 cm because the first auxiliary mark is between these two values on the main scale.

  25. The last digit (tenths of a millimeter) is found by noting which line on the auxiliary scale coincides with a mark on the main scale. • The last digit is 3 because the third auxiliary mark lines up with a mark on the main scale. T • The length of the object is 1.23 cm.

  26. Practice Reading the Following Calipers

  27. Measurement with a CaliperLab 3Scientific MeasurementsPage 31

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