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Enhancing Self-Determination and Motivation in Struggling Youth with Learning Disabilities: A Research Study

This research study explores the connection between self-determination, motivation, socio-emotional factors, and learning disabilities in struggling youth. It examines the instruments used to measure these factors and suggests possible adaptations.

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Enhancing Self-Determination and Motivation in Struggling Youth with Learning Disabilities: A Research Study

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  1. “The Struggling Youth Project”EPSE 526 Research Study Brayden Gordon, Wendee Byrne, Sarah Howard Self-Determination, Motivation, Socio- Emotional Factors, Learning Disability and Delinquency Instruments Used and Possible Adaptations

  2. Defining the “Self-Determination Theory” (SDT) • “Self-Determination” Defined • Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002) • Three innate needs of SDT: 1) Competence 2) Relatedness 3) Autonomy

  3. Defining “Motivation” • “Motivation” Defined • Self Determination Theory (SDT) and Motivation • Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation • Self-Regulation

  4. Links Between SDT/Motivation and Depression? • Inability = decreased self-esteem (Burden, 2008) • Non-Verbal LD & Depression (Elksinin, 2004) • Higher scores of depression (Maag & Reid , 2006) • Distress, Depression, Anxiety, Suicide, & Lifespan (Wilson et al, 2009) • Depression & Cognitive Restructuring (Caprara et al, 2010)

  5. So how does this connect to Struggling Youth? Students with LD make up a large portion of Incarcerated Youth Incarcerated Youth and youth with LD show poor self-determination and lower self-efficacy beliefs in various areas. (Houchins, 2001) Unaware of abilities, needs, wants and preferences (Miller & Eppler, 1995) Lacking self-control (Lagrange, 1996, Swenson & Kennedy, 1995) Being unreflective (Ross & Ross, 1989) Promoting self-doubt (Gooden, 1997) Being extrinsic learners (Swenson & Kennedy, 1995)

  6. What Psychologists Say! 22% - 33% of all referrals to school psychologists have something to do with self-regulation and motivation behaviours. (Cleary, 2009) “…extremely unfamiliar with self-regulation and motivation assessment methods….” (Cleary, 2009, 80) Not given “adequate graduate training”

  7. What Instruments to use? A small percentage of School psychologists identified: Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) Behaviour rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) However, researchers tended to use: SESRL- Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulated Learning Scale 11items modified to 7 items (Bandura 1990) Resistive Regulatory Self-Efficacy Scale 13 items (Pastorelli&Picconi, 2001 Empathetic Self-Efficacy Scale 10 items (Bandura, 2003) Personal Agency Beliefs Scale- Multi-CAM-Control, Agency, and Means –Ends Inventory (CAMI, Skinner, 1988) AMS- Academic Motivational Scale (Vallerand, 1989; Guay, 2008 SRQ-A Self-Report Scale (Ryan & Connell, 1989, Guay, 2008)

  8. Important Points so Far Correlation between socio-emotional functioning, self-efficacy, self-determination, motivation and SLD Psychologists do not routinely measure key elements discussed, even though instruments are available Perhaps this is something that should be considered. Perhaps measurement here is equally, if not more important than academic achievement.

  9. Examples of Scales • LASSI • Heavy language load • Requires considerable working memory • Looks like a “test” • Usual adaptation is “read-aloud”

  10. Examples of Scales • SRQ- A • Please note questions 9/10 and consider who may be reading this measure aloud to the student

  11. Possible Adaptation • http://www.careernetwork.org/career_assessment_instr.html - Knowdell Card Sorts Very True Sort of True Not Very True Not at All True So The Teacher Won’t Yell at me Because I want to Learn New Things

  12. References Baron, Ida Sue, Test Review, Behavior Rating Inventory Of Executive Function, Child Neuropsychology, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 3, Pp. 235±238 Burden, Robert (2008) “Is Dyslexia Necessarily Associated with Negative Feelings of Self-worth? A Review and Implications for Future Research”. Dyslexia 14: 188-196. Caprara, G. V., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., Di Giunta, L., &Pastorelli, C. (2010). Counteracting depression and delinquency in late adolescence: The role of regulatory emotional and interpersonal self-efficacy beliefs. European Psychologist 15(1), 34-48. Cascallar, E., Boekaerts, M., &Costigan, T. (2006). Assessment in the evaluation of self-regulation as a process. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 297-306. Chirkov, V., Ryan, R.M., Kim, Y.M., and Kaplan, U. (2003) Differentiating Autonomy From Individualism and Independence: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Internalization of Cultural Orientations and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume 84, Issue 1, JJanuary, 97-110. Cleary, T. J. (2009). School-based motivation and self-regulation assessments: An examination of school psychologists beliefs and practices. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 25, 71-94. Deci, E.L. and Vansteenkiste, M. (2004) Motivating Learning, Performance, and Persistence: The Synergistic Effects of Intrinsic Goal Contents and Autonomy-Supportive Contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, Vol. 87, No. 2, 246–260.

  13. References Elksnin, Nick. (2004) The Social-Emotional Side of Learning Disabilities. Learning Disability Quaterly. January. 0731-9487.  Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000a). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Chanal, J. (2008). Optimal Learning in optimal contexts: The role of self-determination in education. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 233-240 Hosp, M. K., Griller-Clark, H., & Rutherford, R. B. (2001). Incarcerated youthiwth disabilities: Their knowledge of transition plans. Journal of Correctional Education, 52(3), 126-130. Houchins, D. E. (2001). Developing the self-determination of incarcerated students. Journal of Correctional Education, 52, 141-147.  Jayanthi, M., Epstein, M.H., Polloway, E.A., and Bursuck, W.D. (1996) A National Survey of General Education Teachers' Perceptions of Testing Adaptations. Journal of Special Education. 30: 99-115

  14. References Klassen, R. M. (2010) Confidence to manage learning: The self-efficacy for self-regulated learning of early adolescents with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 33, 1-12. Maag J.W. and Reid, R. (2006) Depression Among Students with Learning Disabilities: Assessing the Risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities. January/February 39: 3-10. Meltzer, L. J., Levine, M. D., Karniski, W., Palfrey, J. S., & Clarke, S. (2001). An analysis of the learning styles of adolescent delinquents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17 (10), 600-608. Randall , Jennifer and Engelhard, George. (2010). Performance of Students With and Without Disabilities Under Modified Conditions: Using Resource Guides and Read-Aloud Test Modifications on a High-Stakes Reading Test. Journal of Special Education. 44: 79-93 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. Sherdian, M. J., Steele-Dadzie, T. E., (2005). Structure of intellect and learning style of incarcerated youth assessment: A means to providing a continuum of educational service in juvenile justice. Journal of Correctional Education, 56 (4), 347-371. Vaughn, S., Schumm, J.S. and Kouzekanani, K. (1993) What Do Students with Learning Disabilities Think When Their General Education Teachers Make Adaptations? Journal of Learning Disabilities. Vol 26: 545-555

  15. References Walls, T. A., Little, T. D. (2005) Relations Among Personal Agency, Motivatin, and School Adjustment in Early Adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 23-31.  Weinstein, C.-E., Schulte, A., and Palmer, D. (1987). Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI), H. and H., Clearwater, FL. White, J.L., Moffitt ,T.E. and Silva, P.A. (1992). Neuropsychological and Socio-Emotional Correlates of Specific-Arithmetic Disability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Advance Access. DOI 10.1093/arclin/7.1.1.Arch Clin Neuropsychol 7: 1-16. Wilson et al. (2009) The Mental Health of Canadians With Self-Reported Learning Disabilities. purchase Journal of Learning Disabilities. January/February 42: 24-40. Winters, Nancy C., Kathleen Myers, And Laura Proud (2002) Ten-Year Review Of Rating Scales. Iii: Scales Assessing Suicidality, Cognitive Style, And Self-Esteem, Journal American Academy Of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 41:10: 1150-1181

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