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Phylums of Worms and Phylum Mollusca

Phylums of Worms and Phylum Mollusca. WORM PHLYA. Worms are general grouping Worms have bilateral symmetry Allows for more sophisticated behaviour Worms are the beginning of advanced inverts Evolved organs and other specialization Evolved complete digestive tracts Body cavity/ coelem

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Phylums of Worms and Phylum Mollusca

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  1. Phylums of Worms and Phylum Mollusca

  2. WORM PHLYA • Worms are general grouping • Worms have bilateral symmetry • Allows for more sophisticated behaviour • Worms are the beginning of advanced inverts • Evolved organs and other specialization • Evolved complete digestive tracts • Body cavity/ coelem • found in most bilateral animals • organs are suspended in this space

  3. Worm Phylas • Worms are soft bodied so they mostly live in tubes, burrows or under something • Feeding ranges from parasites to carnivorous hunters • Some worms create mucous nets to catch food while they are safe in their burrow

  4. Platyhelminthes - Flatworms • Advancements include… • Central nervous system (brain) • Muscles • Simplest of animals with bilateral symmetry • Three classes of flatworms • Turbellaria: carnivorous hunters • Trematodes and Cestodes which are both parasitic

  5. Tapeworm found on Tiger sharks and mackerel. http://www.marineparasitology.com/Papers/Palm%20&%20Klimpel%202007.pdf

  6. biology.unm.edu/.../Summaries/SimpleAnimals.htm

  7. Nemertea- Ribbon worms • Advancements… • Nervous system with a brain • Muscles • Circulatory System with blood vessels • Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)

  8. Ribbon worms continued- • Stretchy bodies (8 in can stretch to 3 ft) • Gather food with a proboscis that everts from inside them to catch food • Proboscis may be sticky or poisoned

  9. www8.nos.noaa.gov www.seamuse.com/rhyncocoela.htm

  10. Nematode - Roundworms -Body cavity -Have to molt cuticle as they grow -Live in sediments and tissues of orgs -parasitic & predatory

  11. Annelida – Segmented Worms • Head-like area with a brain • Segmentation- repeated compartments • Helps with motion • Allows for appendages http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20Laboratory/Animal%20Diversity/Lophotrochozoans/img012.jpg

  12. Class Polychaeta • Each segment has a flattened extension called parapodia • Gills for breathing Class Oligochaete • burrow in mud and sand • Scavengers Class Hirudinea • Live on whatever they are “eating” • Parastic / blood sucking • Sucker at each end

  13. http://scienceblogs.com/photosynthesis/Hermodice-carunculata59(c)BNSullivan.jpghttp://scienceblogs.com/photosynthesis/Hermodice-carunculata59(c)BNSullivan.jpg

  14. aqua.intervet.com/news/2007-11-25.aspx www.inhs.uiuc.edu/.../AOGSMNP.OligoIntro.html

  15. Sipuncula – Peanut Worms • Recent studies have placed them with Annelids even though they aren’t segmented • Bottom dwellers, many burrow • Deposit feeders

  16. www.wildsingapore.com/.../sipuncula.htm www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/sipuncula/sipuncula.html

  17. Echiuria- Sausage Worms Like the Peanut Worms

  18. Pogonophora –Beard Worms • Lack a digestive system • Symbiotic bacteria at hydrothermal vents provide them food

  19. Vent community worms, live in tubes Use bacteria in them to manufacture food Tube worms White Tube worm www.nematodes.org/.../odl_pogonophora.html

  20. Chaetognatha- Arrow Worms • All the features of a complex org • Eyes and a distinct head • planktonic • vicious carnivores preying on larvae of other animals

  21. Lophophorates…colonial worms • All the features of complex orgs • Lophophore- unique feeding structure with ciliated tentacles • Suspension feeders • Two groups-Bryozoans and Phoronids

  22. Phylum Mollusca • Evolutionary advances in specializing parts of the body • Advancement in the nervous system • Squid and octopus are as intelligent as some vertebrates • Allows for more sophisticated behaviors • Very successful phylum and one of the most diverse

  23. Phylum Mollusca • Wide diversity of form but based on general body plan http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Cephalopoda/BAUPLAN.JPG http://www.manandmollusc.net/

  24. Mollusc Body Plan All molluscs have or had: Foot, Mantle, Shell and Radula Mantle – tissue which secretes shell Bilateral symmetry Body Cavity Open circulatory system with compartmentalized heart (except cephalapods)

  25. Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora….chitons http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Gorge/5604/chitonsrickettslarge.jpg

  26. Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia “two shells” Ex. Clams, mussels, scallops http://www.xconomy.com/wordpress/wp-content/images/2008/12/scallop_eyes.jpg http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2006/10/061006072601.jpg

  27. Figure 2 Geoduck Clams. Geoducks are a species of long-lived (100+ years) saltwater clams (Panope generosa) native to the northern Pacific coasts of Canada and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Washington State’s Puget Sound bays and estuaries harbor the highest density of geoducks in the continuous United States (Washington Dept. of Ecology). Photo courtesy of Are Strom. Used with permission. cses.washington.edu/.../ae/aekeyfindings.shtml

  28. Phylum Mollusca Class Scaphapoda…tusk shells : www.dkimages.com/.../GreenTusk-Shell-1.html

  29. Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda “stomach foot”: snails, slugs and limpets http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/images/taxa/inverts/shell_morph.jpg

  30. Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda…squid, octopus http://pics.livejournal.com/krakenwakes/pic/00003p9r

  31. Shells of Shellfish • Three layers: conchin, CaCO3 in conchin matrix, and nacreous made of CaCO3 with some conchin in sheet-like pattern (mother-of-pearl). • Wide variety of shapes. • Reduced shells (sea hares, squid pen, cuttle bone). • Lost shells (octopus, nudibranchs) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Valve-InternalView.png/300px-Valve-InternalView.png

  32. Mollusc Locomotion • Have a muscular foot for crawling, swimming, burrowing • Modified into tentacles for squid & octopus • Muscles forces water out siphon or funnel for swimming. • Byssal threads- protein strands used to anchor some shellfish to a surface http://www.huntsmanmarine.ca/assets/images/slide18.gif

  33. Sense Organs Well developed nervous system in cephalopods Chemosensory organs- sense chemicals by smell or taste Cephalopods have highly developed eyes. Distinct images and possibly color (1 species of squid).

  34. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hsg/54/table-images/scallop-with-eyes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hsg/54/&usg=__lOBprQin3JucMYHMZe9hGogM0e0=&h=510&w=793&sz=60&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=j5c6lTW_u_E6TM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscallop%2Beye%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hsg/54/table-images/scallop-with-eyes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hsg/54/&usg=__lOBprQin3JucMYHMZe9hGogM0e0=&h=510&w=793&sz=60&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=j5c6lTW_u_E6TM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscallop%2Beye%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

  35. Interesting Characteristics Color change in cephalopods using chromatophores. Cells that contain pigments and are under nervous system and hormonal control. http://imagecache01a.allposters.com/images/pic/NGSPOD/124954-FB~Close-View-of-the-Chromatophore-Laden-Skin-of-a-Squid-Posters.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Striped_pyjama_squid.jpg

  36. Mollusc Feeding Radula Used for scraping, boring, and sometime associated with toxins. www.jaxshells.org/rad.htm

  37. Cephalapods Cephalopods highly mobile predators. Catch prey with suckered arms. Neurotoxins associated with beak in octopus. http://precordialthump.medbrains.net/files/2009/01/octopus-beak.jpg

  38. Bivalves • Filter feeding • Water comes through a siphon, passes over ctenidia, exits over anus and out exhalent siphon • Siphons are a flexible tube. • Food particles sorted by ctenidia http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/geoduck-info0.gif

  39. Gastropods • Gastropod feeding habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula in some aspect of their feeding behavior. • Some graze, some browse, some feed on plankton, some are scavengers or detritivores, some are active carnivores.

  40. Mollusc Digestion • Complete digestive system • Stomach often has a crystalline style- rod with enzymes • Food then goes to a digestive gland and to its intestine. Waste passed through anus.

  41. How do molluscs reproduce and develop? http://www.marlin.ac.uk/php/image_viewer.php?images=crefor&topic=Species

  42. Mollusc Reproduction and Development Separate sexes and sexual reproduction Some lay eggs and some bear live young Some with internal and external reproduction http://homepage.uab.edu/acnnnghm/BY255L/BY255LImages/BY255LImages-Mollusca/WhelkEggCase-2.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_pbKM4qxmq4c/SItJHG3rmHI/AAAAAAAAEms/D2Fh4ujwQ6I/s400/03.jpg

  43. Circulatory System exception • Cephalopods have closed circulatory system. • More efficient circulation which allows them to be fast hunters. news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/0612...

  44. Human and Mollusc Interaction • Source of food • Shells are a source of calcium for some birds • Crushed shells are used to kill agricultural pests. Mollusks also nourish humans culturally. • Mollusk shells served as money in some early cultures • Species health is used in monitoring water pollution • Many are invasive species

  45. True or False • All cone shells possess a poisonous dart (their"radula"), with which they harpoon, inject venom and kill their prey. Cone shell venom is toxic enough to hurt or even kill a full-grown man! http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/findings/sept02/images/shells.jpg

  46. True or False • Most shelled molluscs can make pearls • They coat the foreign substance with nacre, the same as the lining of their shell. • Stimulus include organic material, parasites, or even damage • Pearl oysters take up to 7 years to grow pearls big enough for jewelry. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VfjiSyBlALg/SbgT6kWBw4I/AAAAAAAAAOc/-8OW3-ypwc4/s400/Natural%2BPearls%2BCollage.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pearl-professor.com/&usg=__RUA4pRNos1yOfGwtkHVWmYmT9d8=&h=400&w=312&sz=21&hl=en&start=34&tbnid=66apw7XW8G4G3M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpearls%2Bnatural%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20

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