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A comparison between Polish and English transformations

A comparison between Polish and English transformations. Deletion Prepared by: Żaneta Chłystek Bogumiła Plichcińska one the basis of: Świdziński M., Składnia Bobrowski I., Gramatyka opisowa języka polskiego , T.2, WSP:Kielce 1998. OUTLINE:.

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A comparison between Polish and English transformations

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  1. A comparison between Polish and English transformations Deletion Prepared by: Żaneta Chłystek Bogumiła Plichcińska one the basis of: Świdziński M., Składnia Bobrowski I., Gramatyka opisowa języka polskiego, T.2, WSP:Kielce 1998

  2. OUTLINE: 1. Definition of transformation. 2. General overview of Polish and English transformations. 3. Deletion in Polish and English: a) deleting non-lexical elements; b) deleting lexical elements: - deleting pronouns; - reduction of co-ordination.

  3. Definition of transformation Transformations are a set of movement rules which inter-relate S-structure and D-structure.

  4. General overview of Polish and English transformations 1. Types of Polish transformations: • movements: • operating in simple clauses and in subordinate clauses • cyclic movement (przenoszenie wielokrotne) • indirect movement (przenoszenie niebezpośrednie) • replacing lexical elements and adding new ones: • replacing verbs with their periphrastic forms (zasłówki) • replacing the conjunction “i” with the preposition “z” • nominalisation (nominalizacja) • replacing verbs with participles • deletion • transformation of word order

  5. 2. Types of English transformations: • transformations affecting Phrasal Categories: • Topicalisation • WH-movement • NP-movement • Extraposition and Heavy NP-Shift • transformations affecting Terminal Categories: • Affix-hopping • V-raising • Do-support • Subject-Aux inversion

  6. Deletion in Polish and English a) deleting non-lexical elements: all non-lexical elements (e.g. t, , ) must be deleted before they appear in S-structure b) deleting lexical elements: lexical elements can, must or cannot be deleted depending on circumstances (the structure in which they appear and its semantic interpretation)

  7. Deleting pronouns Idę. Nominative of the pronounjain Polish can always be removed in simple sentences; its lexical meaning is determined by the inflection ending -ę. S2 S1  S NP VP N V ja idę

  8. Deleting pronouns I go. We cannot delete the pronoun I. It is the subject of the sentence and according to the Extended Projection Principle clauses must have a subject. S1 S  NP VP N V I go

  9. Deleting pronouns S2 Ja idę, a ty zostajesz. If ja idę and ty zostajesz are parts of the same co-ordinate structure in which they are connected with the conjunction a, both ja and ty cannot be deleted. S1  S Spw S NP VP NP VP V N N V ja idę a ty zostajesz Asia zostaje

  10. Deleting pronouns However, the following sentence is well-formed: Idę, a ty zostajesz. Other possible sentences are not correct, eg.: *Idę, a zostajesz. *Ja idę, a zostajesz. Hence, there is no rule in Polish that would completely prohibit the deletion of pronouns.

  11. Deleting pronouns S2 I go and you stay. We cannot delete the NPs because they are the subjects of the clauses (EPP). It is possible to delete the second NP you, however the meaning of the sentence is completely different. The two verbs refer then to the same noun. I go and stay. S1  S Spw S NP VP NP VP V N N V I go and you stay

  12. Reduction of co-ordination In Polish: Co-ordinate structures in which the same lexical elements appear may or must (depending on the structure) undergo the so-called reduction of co-ordination. E.g.: Chłopiec zdaje egzamin ustny, a dziewczyna pisemny.

  13. Reduction of co-ordination(optional) S2 - in this case reduction of co-ordination is optional S1 S  S S Spw VP NP NP NP VP V AP NP N N N V N AP A A pisemny egzamin egzamin ustny zdaje a chłopiec dziewczyna zdaje

  14. Reduction of co-ordination In English: We can delete the verb. The result of this deletion in DS is a trace that functions as a normal verb (subcategorisation). In co-ordinate structures we cannot delete the NPs of the same function. We can only replace them with appropriate pro-forms (after taking into consideration the context). E.g.: The boy takes the written exam and the girl takes the oral exam.

  15. -The boy takes the written exam and the girl takes the oral one. - The boy takes the written exam and the girl t the oral one. - The boy takes the written one and the girl takes the oral one. (context) -*The boy takes the written and the girl takes the oral. -*The boy takes the written exam and the girl takes. ! Verbs are said to subcategorise into various sub-groups, depending on whether they require a complement, and if they do, what type of complement they require. The verb takerequires an NP complement. Its subcategorisation frames are as follows: take: [V;_NP]

  16. Reduction of co-ordination in Polish(obligatory) In Polish repeated co-ordinate elements in DS in which both co-ordinate constituents are conjoined by “spójnik przeciwstawny” (e.g. a) must be deleted if the N directly dominated by S preceeds the co-ordinate VP or if there are co-ordinate clauses in which there is the same N dominated by S.

  17. Reduction of co-ordination in Polish tree representation E.g.: Chłopiec dał Ani książkę, a dziecku gazetę. S2 S1 S  S S Spw VP VP NP NP NP NP V NP NP N V N N N N N gazetę Ani dał książkę a dał dziecku chłopiec chłopiec

  18. Reduction of co-ordination in Polish examples The lexical material that appears in both components, chłopiecdał, cannot be repeated. If it is, then the sentence is incorrect: *Chłopiec dał Ani książkę, a chłopiec dał dziecku gazetę. *Chłopiec dał Ani książkę, a chłopiec dziecku gazetę. *Chłopiec dał Ani książkę, a dał dziecku gazetę.

  19. Reduction of co-ordination in English In English: In Ordinary Coordination we can co-ordinate only constituents. A constituent is a set of nodes that are exhaustively dominated by a common node. E.g. The boy gave a book to the girl and (t) a newspaper to the child.

  20. S1 S’ and S” S ce vP Ie S ce NP Spec v’ vP NP Ie VP the boy v Spec v’ the boy V’ gavem VP v NP V PP gavel V’ a paper tm to the child NP V PP tl a book to the girl • In order to find correspondence between the two phrases a book to the girl/ a paper to the child, maybe we could

  21. Verbs like “give, put” take two complements. Their subcategorisation frames would be [ _NP; NP] [ _NP; PP] eg. (He) gave the girl a book. (He) gave a book to the girl. Such a verb “consists of” two components in its deep structure: - a light verb (v) - an impoverished version of the verb e.g. GIVE The whole structure is called a VP-shell.

  22. vP v' Spec v VP NP V’ VP-shell If we accept the explanation, then the phrase “a book to the girl” is treated as a constituent. Thus, it can undergo coordination. The boy [vP [GAVE]i [v] [VP[NPa book] [V’ ti[PPto the girl]]]] The boy gave a book to the girl and __ a paper to the child. V PP a book GAVE to the girl

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