Warm Up Thursday – April 18

1. Warm Up Thursday – April 18 1) How were tenant farmers different from sharecropper? A. Tenant farmers owned all their equipment B. Tenant farmers bought their seed from the owner C. Tenant farmers usually made a small profit D. Tenant farmers usually didn’t pay rent for their houses. 2) How long did Reconstruction last in Georgia? A. Two years B. Five years C. Seven years Ten years 1 = c 2 = b

2. CRCT PRACTICE TESTS OAS Student Login: www.georgiaoas.org Log In: GTID number Password: education You an find your GTID (Georgia Test ID) in Pinnacle If you don’t have a Pinnacle password, I can get the number for you.

3. STANDARDS and ELEMENTS All History Standards: SS8H1 to SS8H12

4. Unit 4: Government Standards and Elements: • SS8H12 (a. and c.) • SS8CG1 • SS8CG2 • SS8CG3 • SS8CG4 • SS8CG5 • SS8CG6

5. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What do I need to do to be prepared for the Social Studies portion of the CRCT?

6. Thursday 4/18 Classwork: • Notes on Government – Federal and Local Closing: Choose one part of today’s notes and write a short summary in your own words. Homework: Review for CRCT

7. Georgia Studies Local Governments Study Presentation

8. County Governments • Local Governments provide services and protections to people who live in particular counties or cities. • After the American Revolution, Georgia’s Parishes became counties. • Counties serve as ways for people to be represented in state government. • Through the sheriff, counties act to protect people. • County Governments – Build and maintain roads, control licenses for cars and trucks, run Georgia’s welfare programs, and have court systems. • Today, there are 159 counties in Georgia. • Each county has a probate court, a magistrate court, and a juvenile court

9. Municipal Governments • Georgia has approximately 600 cities and towns, also called municipalities. • Municipalities have charters (similar to constitutions) that form and structure the municipality’s government, and define the municipality’s boundaries and powers. • Municipal governments elect officials and provide services for cities and towns. Services include police and fire protection, garbage collection and disposal, street and road construction, public housing, public transportation, libraries, electric or gas utility services, and street lighting.

10. Forms of Municipal Government • Unlike Georgia’s county governments (which are standard across the state) Municipal governments come in different forms. In all forms residents elect members to a city council (the legislative branch). The forms differ according to the make-up of the executive branch. • Forms of Municipal Government: • Weak Mayor-Council – Has a weak mayor. Mayor is elected by the voters, but has no special executive powers (no power to veto, choose committee members, or overriding say in the budget). • Strong Mayor-Council – Has a powerful mayor. Mayor is elected by voters in the city and can veto legislation passed by the city council. The mayor can also choose people to run the city’s services and runs the city’s budget. • Council-Manager – The city has a City Manager (head of the Executive Branch). The City Manager decides who is in charge of city services and runs the city’s budget. In this form, the mayor is a member of the legislative branch like the rest of the city council.

11. Special-Purpose Governments • Special-Purpose Districts – Created by city and county governments to accomplish a specific task. The following are some special-purpose governments in GA: • Development Authorities – Create jobs and increase business in specific counties. • Downtown Development Authorities – Maintain and rebuild the downtowns of cities. • Recreation and Parks Authorities – Maintain and develop land for parks and recreation areas in counties. • Housing Authorities – Manage housing options in counties.

12. State Revenue • All governments require money. The money that governments bring in is called revenue. There are several ways that the state of Georgia and its local governments raise revenue. • Taxes – Required payment to a government by a person or business. Taxes are the largest source of revenue for Georgia. • 4 Main Types of Taxes: • Income Tax – Tax on money earned by people or businesses. • Corporate Tax – Flat rate taxes based on the money a company makes in Georgia. Collected only by states, not by local governments. • Sales Tax – Tax levied on most retail goods and services. Collected by state and local governments. • Property Tax – Tax placed on property such as land, homes, cars, boats, and business inventory.

13. Other Revenue Sources and the State Budget • There are other types of revenue raised from non-tax revenue sources. • The largest non-tax revenue source for Georgia is the state lottery. • Other sources include entry fees to state parks, and license fees for driving and hunting. • The federal government can also add to state and local funds. Federal money comes in the form of grants and can be used for many things including building airports, preserving historical sites, and improving areas with poor economies. • The governor submits a budget (the plan of how the state’s revenue will be spent) to the state legislature. This budget is then modified by legislators. It is then signed by the governor, who can veto items in the budget. The budget can later be changed in spending exceeds the revenue.

14. Georgia Studies Government Study Presentation

15. GA State Constitution • Constitution – A set of laws for a nation or state. The US Constitution established the Federal Government for the United States. The Georgia Constitution established the government for the state of Georgia. • Georgia’s Constitution, like the US Constitution, contains a preamble (introduction) and a Bill of Rights (a section containing a list of rights and government limits). • The Georgia Constitution created a government similar to the US Federal Government. Both have three branches (Legislative, Executive, and Judicial) and contain the systems of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.

16. GA State Constitution • Separation of Powers – Each of the three branches of government have different jobs: • Legislative – Makes the rules or laws that people must obey. • Executive – Head, or leader, of the government. Enforces the laws. • Judicial – Interprets, or judges, the laws. • Checks and Balances – System created to ensure that none of the three branches of government become too powerful, or more powerful than any of the other branches.

17. Branches of Government Video BrainPop – Branches of Government

18. Pledge of Allegiance to the Georgia Flag "I pledge allegiance to the Georgia flag and to the principles for which it stands; Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation.“ • Approved: March 28, 1935 • Wisdom – good sense; a wise attitude, belief, or course of action • Justice - the quality of being just, impartial, or fair; the quality of conforming to law • Moderation – avoiding extremes of behavior or expression : observing reasonable limits

19. Georgia State Seal and the Georgia Flag Georgia State Flag Georgia State Seal • The current Georgia state flag (adopted in 2004) features the state seal, surrounded by thirteen stars, which represent the original American colonies, placed on the first national flag of the Confederacy.

20. Rights and Responsibilities • Rights – Standard or law that ensures that governments and other institutions protect people’s freedom and treat people equally in society and politics. • Responsibility – Knowledge that actions have consequences, and that these consequences effect other people. Also, requirements of citizens: taxes, jury duty, etc. • People living in the US and in GA have certain rights guaranteed to them in the Federal and State Bill of Rights. If people break laws and violate other people’s rights they will face consequences (arrests and court hearings).

21. Voting Requirements • Article II of GA’s Constitution lists voting requirements. • To register to vote in GA, people must be 18 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and live in the county of GA where they wish to vote. • People who have been convicted of certain crimes or who have certain mental disabilities may not be allowed to vote. • Every two years Georgians vote for members of the state’s General Assembly. Every four years there are elections to choose the governor and lieutenant governor of the state. • Voters registered to vote in GA also vote in national elections for the president, vice president, and members of the US Congress (House of Representatives and Senate).

22. Legislative Branch • GA’s Legislative Branch is known as the General Assembly. • The General Assembly is bicameral (two houses) – The House of Representatives (with 180 representatives) and the Senate (56 Senators). • Senators must be at least 25 years old and citizens of the US. Representatives must be at least 21 years old. Representatives and Senators must be a legal resident of the district they represent and have lived in GA for two years. • Most important duties are making GA’s laws and passing GA’s budget.

23. Legislative Process • 5 Steps for a Bill to become a Law: • Drafting – Legislators write the text of the bill (proposed law). • Introduction – The bill is introduced to either the Senate or House of Representatives for discussion. • Committee Consideration – The bill is assigned to a committee that studies the bill. The bill may be changed at this time. • Floor Consideration – A vote is called during a regular session. If the bill is passed in one house, it goes to the other house for consideration. • Governor Consideration – Once both houses pass the bill it is sent to the governor. The governor can then sign the bill into law or veto the bill (send it back to the General Assembly to be changed or rewritten).

24. Legislative Process Video BrainPop – How A Bill Becomes A Law

25. Executive Branch • GA’s Executive Branch is made up of many different offices and departments. The Executive Branch is the largest of the three branches in Georgia. The governor is the leader of the Executive Branch. The governor and lieutenant governor both have to be at least 30 years old, US citizens for at least 15 years, and a GA resident for at least 6 years. The Governor may run for and serve a second term. There is no limit on number of terms a lieutenant governor may serve. • Most important duties of the governor are to serve as the leader of the state’s executive branch, veto legislation put forward by the General Assembly, and appoint people to lead executive offices. • Most important duties of the lieutenant governor are to serve as governor if the governor dies or gets too sick to work and also serves as the President of the Senate.

26. Judicial Branch • GA’s Judicial Branch is made up of two main types of courts – Trial Courts and Appellate Courts. • Trial Courts – People’s actions are judges to see whether or not they have committed a crime. These judgments are made either by a jury (group of citizens) or simply by a judge. Trial courts oversee two types of cases. In a civil case occurs when a person claims that another person did something wrong to them (example – The People’s Court). A criminal case occurs when a person claims that a crime has been committed against them. • Appellate Courts – Look over judgments made by trial courts. If someone believes that a mistake was made during their trial they may make an appeal. The appeal goes to an appellate court which decides if the trial court has made a mistake or not. • Civil cases may also be settled out of court with the help of a mediator (a third person who has no interest in the problem). • The highest court in Georgia is the Supreme Court.

27. Local Governments • Local Governments provide services and protections to people who live in particular counties or cities. • County Governments – Build and maintain roads, control licenses for cars and trucks, run Georgia’s welfare programs, and have court systems. • Municipal Governments – GA has approximately 535 cities and towns, also called municipalities. Municipal governments elect officials and provide services for cities and towns. Municipal governments come in different forms: • Council-Manager – The city has a City Manager (head of the Executive Branch). The City Manager decides who is in charge of city services and runs the city’s budget. In this form, the mayor is a member of the legislative branch like the rest of the city council. • Strong Mayor-Council – Has a powerful mayor. Mayor is elected by voters in the city and can veto legislation passed by the city council. The mayor can also choose people to run the city’s services and runs the city’s budget. • Weak Mayor-Council – Has a weak mayor. Mayor is elected by the voters, but has no special executive powers (no power to veto, choose committee members, or overriding say in the budget).

28. Special-Purpose Governments • Special-Purpose Districts – Created by city and county governments to accomplish a specific task. The following are some special-purpose governments in GA: • Development Authorities – Create jobs and increase business in specific counties. • Downtown Development Authorities – Maintain and rebuild the downtowns of cities. • Recreation and Parks Authorities – Maintain and develop land for parks and recreation areas in counties. • Housing Authorities – Manage housing options in counties.

29. Juvenile Justice • Unruly Behavior – Is considered a status offense when committed by children (would not be a crime if committed by an adult). Examples of unruly behavior: • Child refusing to go to school. • Child frequently disobeys parents or caregivers. • Child runs away from home. • Child roams the streets between midnight and 5 A.M. • Child goes to a bar without parents and/or is caught with alcoholic drinks in hand. • A child showing unruly behavior may be given treatment (if offense involves alcohol or drugs) and may be committed to a place of detention ran by GA’s Department of Juvenile Justice.

30. Juvenile Justice • Delinquent Behavior – When a child commits a crime it is considered delinquent behavior. A child who is less than 13 years old cannot be tried for a crime in GA. A child between 13 and 17 years old will be punished according to the law. This may include spending up to five years in a juvenile detention facility. • Rights of Juvenile Offenders: • Right to a lawyer. • Right to cross-examine witnesses. • Right to provide evidence to support one’s own case. • Right to provide witnesses to support one’s own case. • Right to remain silent. • Right to an appeal. • Right to a transcript of a trial (written copy of the trial).

31. Juvenile Justice Process • Children thought to be delinquent are taken into custody (intake) and their parents are notified. Children may then be released to the parents or detained (held) at a Regional Youth Detention Center or in a community shelter or foster home. • The next step is a probable cause hearing. A judge looks over the case to determine whether the children should be released or detained further. • The next step is a adjudicatory hearing. A judge decides whether the charges are true or not. If the judge decides the charges are untrue the case can be dismissed. • The next step is a dispositional hearing. At this hearing the judge decides the course of treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation that the delinquent, unruly, or deprived child should undergo. The judge may decide that probation if necessary. In some serious cases the judge may transfer the case to a superior court where the child will be tried as an adult.

32. The Seven Delinquent Behaviors • Seven Delinquent Behaviors – Behaviors that are automatically outside the jurisdiction of juvenile court. Children between the ages of 13 and 17 who are thought to have committed any of these crimes will be tried as adults: • Aggravated Child Molestation • Aggravated Sexual Battery • Aggravated Sodomy • Murder • Rape • Voluntary Manslaughter • Armed Robbery with a firearm

33. Unit 9 : Personal Finance Standards and Elements: • SS8E4 • SS8E5

34. Sources of Revenue • Revenue – A source of income. • Georgia’s revenue comes from three sources: • State Funds • Federal Funds • Special Fees collected by agencies • These sources of revenue are used by Georgia’s budget planners to create the next years budget. • Approximately 90% of revenue comes from taxes: • Personal Taxes – Collected on personal income. • Sales Taxes – Collected when consumers buy goods. • Special Taxes – Collected on motor fuel, cigar and cigarette products, and alcoholic beverages. • The major source of revenue for local governments are property taxes, sales taxes, license fees, user fees, and special taxes.

35. Distribution of Revenue • Georgia’s government, at all levels, provide a variety of services for citizens. • The largest expenditure, at the state level, is education (54% of total budget). • Other expenditures include wages and salaries of government employees (23%), public safety (8%), transportation (5%), interest on state debt (5%), general government (2%), legislative and judicial (1%), economic development (1%), and natural resources (1%). • The creation of the state budget (by the Governor) and the evaluation and approval process (by the General Assembly) help to determine how the state’s revenue is spent.

36. Personal Income • Income – Amount of money that a person makes by selling products or by providing a service. • Young citizens may have income from an allowance, gifts, or for completing chores at home. • Older citizens receive income from working a job and receiving a paycheck. • Most people have two choices of what to do with income: • Spend money • Save money for the future (Savings) • A budget (spending-and-savings plan) can help a person decide how to spend and/or save their money.

37. Investing of Income • Saving is really a form of investing. • Investing – Putting money aside in order to receive a greater benefit in the future. • Money can be invested in financial assets such as bank accounts, certificates of deposit, stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. • One of the major benefits of investing is that your money often earns a certain amount of interest which can then add to your total income. • Money can also be invested in a new business (capital) and serve as an additional source of income.

38. New Businesses • Entrepreneurs - A person who creates, organizes, and manages a business. • The main goal of an entrepreneur is to make profit. Profit is the monetary gain a business owner makes by selling goods or providing services. • The total amount of profit a business makes comes from the following equation: • Total Income – Total expenses = Profit • Risk v. Reward – Entrepreneurs have to risk money that they have invested in their company (capital) in order to try and make a profit. • New businesses also provide new jobs to the local economy of a city or region and increase tax revenue (more taxes paid to the government).

39. Importance of Georgia Based Businesses • Businesses, such as Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, Georgia-Pacific, and Home Depot are very important to the economy of GA. • Each of these provide services and products to people around the world and help to provide job opportunities for people around GA and the United States.

40. Credit • Credit – The ability to buy something now and pay for it later over a period of time. • Forms of credit commonly used by consumers: • Car Loans • Home Mortgages • Credit Cards • College Loans • Credit allows people to buy things that normally they would have a difficult time affording. • Credit always involves a finance charge or the payment of interest and may also involve the payment of fees. • Excessive borrowing can be a problem, however, as the person may not be able to make the payments (debt) and the products charged (if they are consumable or expire) may be gone long before the loan is paid.

41. Personal Finance Videos BrainPop – Banking BrainPop – Money BrainPop – Taxes BrainPop – Budgets BrainPop – Credit Cards BrainPop – Interest