Northern Segregation: Challenges & Changes in Civil Rights Movement

1. Standard Addressed: 11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. Lesson Objectives: Section 3 - Challenges and Changes in the Movement 1. Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South. 2. Identify the leaders who shaped the Black Power movement. 3. Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 4. Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights. NEXT

4. SECTION 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement African Americans Seek Greater Equality Northern Segregation • De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North Continued . . . NEXT

6. Race Covenant

7. SECTION 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement African Americans Seek Greater Equality Northern Segregation • De jure segregation is segregation required by law • WW II black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight” • 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances • Black unemployment twice as high as white • Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police officers Continued . . . NEXT

9. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3

10. SECTION 3 continuedAfrican Americans Seek Greater Equality • Urban Violence Erupts • Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians • - many result in riots • Many whites baffled by African-American rage • Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education • Money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War NEXT

11. A – How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South? Both Northern and Southern blacks experienced poverty and inferior schools, and their civil rights demands were met with white anger and violence and police brutality. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

12. SECTION 3 New Leaders Voice Discontent African-American Solidarity • Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites - believe whites source of black problems • Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity • Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims Continued . . . NEXT

13. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3

14. SECTION 3 New Leaders Voice Discontent • Ballots or Bullets? • Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech Continued . . . NEXT

15. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3

16. B – What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960’s? De facto segregation, police brutality, rundown communities and schools, and high unemployment. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

17. SECTION 3 continuedNew Leaders Voice Discontent Black Power • CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics • Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: - African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites NEXT

18. Stokely Carmichael, AKA Kwame Ture (1941 – 1998), activist in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. he graduated from Howard University; first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party.

19. SECTION 3 continuedNew Leaders Voice Discontent Black Panthers • Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency • Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police • Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support NEXT

20. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3

21. C – Why did some Americans find Malcolm X’s views alarming? He blamed black poverty and social inferiority on whites and advocates armed resistance to white oppression. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

22. SECTION 3 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights • King’s Death • King objects to Black Power movement, preaching of violence • Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech to striking workers • Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968 NEXT

23. James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was an American criminal convicted of the assassination of civil rights and anti-war activist Martin Luther King, Jr. Ray was convicted on March 10, 1969, after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and tried unsuccessfully to gain a new trial. He died in prison of hepatitis C. James Earl Ray

24. SECTION 3 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights • Reactions to King’s Death • King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history • - over 100 cities affected • Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later NEXT

27. D – Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC? SCLC leaders worried that calls for Black Power would provoke black violence and alienate whites. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

29. SECTION 3 Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Causes of Violence • Kerner Commission names racism as main cause of urban violence • Civil Rights Gains • • Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housing • More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs • Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs • More African-American participation in movies, television • Increased voter registration results in more black elected officials Continued . . . NEXT

30. In 1961, Huey Newton met Bobby Seale when they were both students at Merritt College. In 1965, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, an independent political party in rural Alabama adopted the black panther as a symbol.

31. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3

32. E – Why was the public reaction to the Black Panthers mixed? Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence; Some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

33. SECTION 3 continuedLegacy of the Civil Rights Movement • Unfinished Work • Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white support • White flight reverses much progress toward school integration • Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites • • Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups • 1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policy • Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discrimination NEXT

36. F – What were some accomplishments of the civil rights movement? End of legalized segregation; Increased pride in racial identity; Protection of civil rights and voting rights; More African Americans voters, elected officials, More high school, and college graduates. They secured through the civil rights movement, which helped change national opinion, and through resulting federal intervention and passage of federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

38. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3