Unit 5 How to Be True to Yourself

1. Unit 5 How to Be True to Yourself

2. Contents • A. Text one • I. Pre-reading: • (I) Warm-up questions • (II) Background information • II. While-reading: Text Analysis • (I) Structure analysis • (II) Comprehension questions • (III) Language points • (IV) Difficult sentences • III. Post-Reading: • (I) Grammatical items • (II) Translation Exercises • (III) Oral activities • (IV) Writing practice • B. Text two • （I）Questions for text comprehension • （II）Language points

3. Pre-reading: (I) warm-up questions A. text one • I. Pre-reading: • (I) warm-up questions • Can you give some examples of immoral behaviors of college students? • What do you think of cheating in exams?

4. 1. Quote Dante Alighieri: Follow your own course, and let people talk. Pre-reading: (II)Background information (II). Background Information

5. Pre-reading: (II)Background information About the author • One of America's most respected authors, keynote lecturers and productivity consultants ; • 10 million audio programs sold in 14 languages; • one of the most listened-to voices on personal and career success.

7. While-reading: (I) Structure analysis • II. While-reading: Text Analysis • (I) Structure analysis • Part I (p1-2) : raise the question: a contrast of integrity • Part II (p3-14): solution: 3 principles of integrity • Part III (p15): conclusion

8. While-reading: (II) Comprehension questions • (II) Comprehension questions • 1) What is the contrast presented in the beginning? (Paragraphs1-2) • The writer’s grandparents and their generation firmly believed in honesty and demonstrated it by the way they lived, but nowadays integrity is getting scarcer. • 2) What prompted the writer to write about the topic? (Paragraph 2) • Integrity is in short supply today, but it is the really fundamental thing in every activity of society and a basic quality that we must possess.

9. While-reading: (II) Comprehension questions • 4) What is the first principle of the Integrity Triad? (Paragraph 4) • The first principle of the Integrity Triad is,“Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure.” • 5) What was the surgical nurse responsible for? (Paragraph 4) • She was responsible for ensuring that all instruments and materials were accounted for during an abdominal operation and also the patient. • 6)What quality did the nurse display when facing the surgeon's insistence? (Paragraphs 4-8) • She knew she was right and didn't back down. At last, the fact proved her claim.

10. While-reading: (II) Comprehension questions • 7) Why did David Ogilvy send each of his newly appointed office heads a Russian nesting doll? (Paragraph 11) • Because he wanted to convey his message: “If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.” This vividly illustrates the second key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. • 8) Why did the advertising firm founded by David Ogilvy become one of the largest and most respected advertising organizations in the world? (Paragraph 11) • Because they acted upon the key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. They hired those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter and more competent than they themselves. They respected individuals with talent and gave full play to their abilities.

11. While-reading: （III） Language points • ensure: make certain that something will happen properly.--synonym make sure • Ensure that; ensure sth. • I fitted a new lock to ensure that the bicycle would not be stolen. • All the necessary measures have been taken to ensure their safety. • Cf. assure sb. that/ of

12. While-reading: （III） Language points • ethic:(c) a theory or a system of moral values伦理；道德; (pl) 伦理标准；道德标准; 伦理学 • Professional / medical/ media ethics 职业道德/医德 • code of ethics 道德准则 • Businessmen must ensure that they meet the terms (条款) of business/ commercial ethics and respect consumer’s right. • a. ethical

13. While-reading: （III） Language points • morality:(u) beliefs or ideas about what is right and wrong道德 • Public/personal /traditional ~ • I don’t know if there's any morality in political affairs. • Some leaders have blamed television for the decline in standards of morality. • a. moral

14. While-reading: （III） Language points n. + ethics adj. + ethics

15. While-reading: （III） Language points Ethics +n.

16. While-reading: （III） Language points • Adj.+ morality Morality of abortion 4 Morality of children 3

17. Expediency: also expedience • (u/ c) action that is quickest or most effective in a particular situation, even if it is morally wrong;便利, 权宜, 私利 • a measure of ~ • short-term ~ • The senators vetoed this bill out of political expediency rather than principle. • His behavior seems to be governed by expediency.

18. While-reading: （III） Language points • Façade:outward appearance • Behind her charming façade, there is nothing in her mind. • Her pretended happiness is only a façade for her suffering.

19. While-reading: （III） Language points • integrity: • a.(u) honesty诚实, 正直 • moral integrity骨气 • maintain/preserve one’s ~ ; lose one’s ~ • She is a woman of integrity who has never abandoned her principles for the sake of making money. • b. (u) completeness • They have vowed to protect/defend the country's territorial integrity

20. While-reading: （III） Language points • motto: saying 座右铭 • The school's motto was 'Work hard and play hard'. • "All my life," said Sir Humphrey, "my motto has been 'aim high'.“ • My motto is “Lead your own path; let others talk！”

21. While-reading: （III） Language points • Principle:(c/u) a moral rule about what is right and wrong原则,原理 • basic/fundamental/guiding principle • basic ~s of economics • On the basis of the five principles of peaceful coexistence there can be reasonable dialogue between any two governments. • 以和平共处的五项原则为基础任何两国政府间都可以进行合理的对话。 • It's against my principles to beat a woman. • In principle: 原则上, 大体上

22. While-reading: （III） Language points • Preserve: • a. to save something or someone from being harmed or destroyed保护,修护,挽救 • The government spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest. • 市政委员会花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。 • b. to make something continue without changing; keep 维持, 保持 • ~ world peace • The police have the responsibility to preserve the social order. • As the ruler of a large family, he managed to preserve the family harmony even in difficult circumstance.

23. While-reading: （III） Language points • succumb:give in; yield • The government will never succumb to terrorist threats. • She licked her very dry lips and tried not to succumb to the temptation of the fresh fruit.

24. While-reading: （IV） Difficult Sentences • （IV） Difficult Sentences • (1) They understood instinctively that integrity means having a personal standard of morality and ethics that does not sell out to expediency and that is not relative to the situation at hand. (Paragraph 2) • Explanation: Integrity means that one should have a personal standard for judging what is morally right and wrong. He does what he thinks he should do, not what he thinks will help him and his judgment is not affected by any external circumstances. • Translation: 出于直觉，他们领悟到“正直”意味着拥有自己的道德和伦理标准，不会出于权宜而牺牲这一标准，也不会将它与眼下的形式联系起来。

25. While-reading: （IV） Difficult Sentences • But it is the real bottom line in every area of society. (Paragraph 2) • Paraphrase: But it is the most important consideration in every social activity and, therefore, you must accept it, even though you may not like it. • Translation: 但是，这是社会任何领域中真实的底线。

26. While-reading: （IV） Difficult Sentences • David Ogilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather, made this point clear to his newly appointed office heads by sending each a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside. (Paragraph 10) • Explanation: Russian nesting doll is a set of dolls that are similar in design but different in size and have been made for each to fit inside another that is one size larger. • Translation: 广告业巨头奥格威&马瑟公司的创始人大卫•奥格威很明确地把这一观点传达给那些刚刚走马上任的管理干部，他送给他们每个人一组内含5个尺寸递减的俄罗斯套娃，以警示他们切勿妒才忌能。

27. Without having to check your tracks in a rearview mirror • No need to look back and examine the footmarks we have left behind. • Metaphorically, it means that it is not necessary to recall and examine our activities of the past to find out whether what we have done is right or not.

28. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items • III. Post-Reading • (I) Grammatical items: • 1. Imperative sentences • 2. Question tags added to imperative clauses

29. Imperative sentences • Imperative sentences, also known as “commands” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, an order, a warning, a request, a suggestion, a wish, an invitation, etc.

30. There are three kinds of imperatives: the second person imperatives, the first person imperative, and the third person imperatives. For the second person imperatives, if we want to enhance the force of the imperative, we can add an emphatic DO or YOU at the beginning of the sentence. • e.g. Mr. Smith, you sit over there. • Do come in. • Let me have a look. • Let’s stop and finish it later. • Don’t let anyone shirk his responsibility.

31. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical exercise Exercises Practice: Rewrite the following sentences using the imperative. • 1. You’d better go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. • 2. We shall never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice. • 3. I would like somebody to open the door. • 4. In this play you will play the part of the princess and I’ll pretend to be the witch. • 5. Would you please allow me to stay in to finish my letter? I want to get it off to London today.

32. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical exercise • Keys: • 1. Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. • 2. Let us never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice. • 3. Somebody open the door. • 4. In this play you be the princess and I be the witch. (Here “you” and “I” are explicit subjects of the imperative sentence.) • 6. Let me stay in to finish my letter. I want to get it off to London today.

33. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items • 2. Question tags added to imperative clauses • Sometimes we add question tags to the imperative sentences to soften the imperative tone. • For the second person imperatives, after a positive imperative, the question tag can be “will/would/can/can’t/won’t you/?” “Won’t” is used to invite. “Will you” is often used as request. “Won’t you” is used to show less forceful orders. “Would” is less forceful than “will” and much less common. “Can’t you” can show the speaker’s annoyance. After a negative imperative, the question tag is “will you?”

34. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical exercise • If the part addressed includes only the speaker the question tag usually is “will/won’t you?” If the part addressed includes both the speaker and the listener, the tag should be “shall we?” • e.g.Don’t be so noisy, will you? • Stop talking, will/won’t/would/can/can’t you? • Let me drive you home, will you? • Let’s take a taxi, shall we?

35. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical exercise • Practice: Add a question tag to the following sentences. • Let’s go to the movies, __________? • Don’t turn the lights on, __________? • Let me come and stay, __________? You can put it that it was arranged before. • Shut up, __________? • Don’t let me have to speak to you again, __________? • Keys: • shall we • will you (a negative imperative) • will/won’t you • can’t you (to show annoyance) • will you

36. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • （II）Translation Exercises • 1. 那个精神科医生因为在公共场合谈论他的病人而被指控违反了职业道德规范。(ethics) • That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violating professional ethics. • 2. 教室的墙上悬挂着一些名言，令人鼓舞，催人奋发。（hang on) • Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings, which inspire and urge people to  • exert themselves. • 3.各种各样的商品应有尽有，什么都不短缺。（in short supply • All kinds of commodities are available, Nothing is in short supply.

37. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • 4. 我们都信任董事长，因为他是个刚正不阿的人。(integrity) • We all trust the president for his absolute integrity. • 5.在我们投票支持他之前，我们想知道他的主张。(stand for) • Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for. • 6.这笔钱是在被告家里发现的，被告对此不能作出令人满意的解释。(account for) • The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.

38. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • 7. 看到他是正确的，我只好放弃原来的主张。(back down) • When I saw that he was right, I had to back down. • 8. 因为她既聪明又勤奋，所以被任命为销售经理。（appoint) • 8. She has been appointed sales manager, for she is both clever and diligent.

39. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • 9.本届政府所面临的最大挑战之一是创造更多的就业机会。 (challenge)  • One of the biggest challenges faced by the government is that of creating more jobs.  • 10. 我们的战士猛攻敌人的堡垒，其势如暴风骤雨，没过多久，敌人就投降了。 • The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.

40. III. Post-Reading: （III） Oral activities • (III) Oral activities In recent years we’ve encountered quite a number of problems about the safety of food and drugs in our country, such as the Sanlu milk powder case, which has produced negative repercussions at home and abroad. The public have raised strong doubts about the professional ethics of some food and drug manufacturers. Give a talk to your class, voicing your opinions about problems of this kind.

41. III. Post-Reading: (IV) Writing (IV) Writing Write a short essay on the following topic in about 150 words. • Is Honesty Always the Best Policy

42. III. Post-Reading: (IV) Writing sample: • There is a proverb that goes "Honesty is the best policy." and it seems as true as it was when it was first coined. The most important element in human relationships, whether business or personal, is trust. If you break that trust and are found out, the relationship will be damaged or destroyed. Furthermore, if your dishonesty is not discovered, you will have to go to great lengths to conceal it. A breach of trust can quickly grow as you tell lie after lie in an effort to conceal your original deceit. Soon even you may be unable to distinguish the truth. Thus it is better to stick to the truth.

43. III. Post-Reading: (IV) Writing • However, telling lies is often a way of communicating appropriately with others. This kind of lying is not morally wrong and does not affect our integrity as good human beings. For example, there is a polite formula we use when we meet a person for the first time. We say, "Your name has been ringing in my ears for a long time. "when in fact we have never heard of the person before. But without these nice words, the conversation might not start well. When we meet someone we don't know, we say, "Nice to meet you!" Perhaps actually we are not so pleased to meet them. But this kind of expression is indispensable in creating a friendly atmosphere. Sometimes for the ske of politeness, we are obliged to take our feelings.

44. III. Post-Reading: (IV) Writing • It is practically unwise to be honest all the time especially when we are dealing with dishonest people. To be dishonest with them does not hurt our credibility. So long as we don't hurt others, telling lies is an acceptable practice. Therefore, we can say that honesty is not always the best policy. It depends.

45. Text two: (I) Questions for text comprehension B. Text two • (I) Questions for text comprehension • 1. What is the twofold task of parents and children the author talks about in this article? • Children discover and understand the beauty of nature and their parents take the initiative and help them to do so. • 2. How important is it for children to discover the beauty of nature? • They will respect nature and try to preserve it when they are older. • 3. Why is children’s discovery of nature an exciting adventure? • By exploring their environment children can gain an understanding of the world in an interesting and more complex way and create their own intellectual conceptions of reality.

46. Text two: (I) Questions for text comprehension • 4. Why does the author ask parents to share their own experience with their children? • The author believes that parents’ own experience can stimulate the natural curiosity of children and nourish their innate desire to learn. • 5. Why does the author suggest that parents use interesting objects from their children? • By continually interacting with their environment, children can keep adding to and reshaping their conceptions of the world.

47. 6. What does the author regard as the main value of giving children examples? • Children have a natural power to learn and through the examples, they can begin to become more aware of man’s relationship to his environment. • 7. What can we conclude from the passage about parents’ participation in the educational development of their children? • Parents can provide an education which can fulfill and enrich the current lives of their children as well as prepare them for the future.

48. Text two: (II) Language points • (II) Language points 1. an October moon (Paragraph 2): a full moon 2. in some form of soil(Paragraph 4): The word some can be used with singular countable nouns to mean a person or thing, when you do not know or say exactly which. • e.g. There must be some reason for her behaviour. / She’s working for some insurance company in Birmingham. 3. vital to (Paragraph 5): extremely important and necessary for sth. to succeed or exist • e.g. Your support is vital to the success of my plan. / Such measures are vital to national security.

49. Text two: (II) Language points 4. man’s relationship to his environment (Paragraph 7): • 1) A relationship with sb. or sth. is usually close, and may involve strong feelings. • e.g. What kind of relationship does she have with her mother? • 2) A relationship to sb. or sth. like a connection, is usually about a simple fact. • e.g. Jane’s relationship to Jeff is that he is her boss. • 3) A relationship between people and other people or things may be either close and full of emotion, or simply a matter of fact. • e.g. They’re both called Smith, but there is no relationships between them. • What’s the relationship between temperature and humidity?

50. Text two: (II) Language points • 5. conserve (Paragraph 8): • Compare "conserve" and "preserve". "To conserve sth. "is to protect it and try to prevent it from changing or being damaged. • e.g. We must conserve our woodlands for future generations. • "To preserve sth. "is to keep it as it is for a long time in a good condition, or keep it as it is now. • e.g. I think these traditional customs should be preserved. / The wreck was preserved by the muddy sea bed.