Careers in Nuclear Science and Technology

1. This goes with the next slide!!!!!! Before I begin with careers in Nuclear Science and Technology (NS&T), I think I should begin with telling you why I entered the field and some of the benefits of NS&T. Why you entered the field of NS&T- It is an exciting time for Nuclear now with President Bush and Vice President Cheney National Energy Policy. The policy group recommend that the President support the expansion of nuclear energy in the US as a major component of our national energy policy. The following are specific components of the recommendation: Encourage the NRC to ensure that safety and environmental protection are high priorities as they prepare to evaluate and expedite applications for licensing new advanced-technology nuclear reactors. Encourage the NRC to facilitate efforts by utilities to expand nuclear energy generation in the US by uprating existing nuclear plants safely. Encourage the NRC to relicense existing nuclear plants that meet or exceed safety standards. Direct the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the EPA to assesses the potential of nuclear energy to improve air quality. Increase resources as necessary for nuclear safety enforcement in light of the potential increase in generation. Use the best science to provide a deep geologic repository of nuclear waste. Support legislation clarifying that qualified funds set aside by plant owners for eventual decommissioning will not be taxed as part of the transaction. Support legislation to extend the Price-Anderson Act. The policy group recommends that, in context of developing advanced nuclear fuel cycles and next generation technologies for nuclear energy, the US should reexamine it policies to allow for research, development and deployment of fuel conditioning methods that reduce waste streams and enhance proliferation resistance. This goes with the next slide!!!!!! Before I begin with careers in Nuclear Science and Technology (NS&T), I think I should begin with telling you why I entered the field and some of the benefits of NS&T. Why you entered the field of NS&T- It is an exciting time for Nuclear now with President Bush and Vice President Cheney National Energy Policy. The policy group recommend that the President support the expansion of nuclear energy in the US as a major component of our national energy policy. The following are specific components of the recommendation: Encourage the NRC to ensure that safety and environmental protection are high priorities as they prepare to evaluate and expedite applications for licensing new advanced-technology nuclear reactors. Encourage the NRC to facilitate efforts by utilities to expand nuclear energy generation in the US by uprating existing nuclear plants safely. Encourage the NRC to relicense existing nuclear plants that meet or exceed safety standards. Direct the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the EPA to assesses the potential of nuclear energy to improve air quality. Increase resources as necessary for nuclear safety enforcement in light of the potential increase in generation. Use the best science to provide a deep geologic repository of nuclear waste. Support legislation clarifying that qualified funds set aside by plant owners for eventual decommissioning will not be taxed as part of the transaction. Support legislation to extend the Price-Anderson Act. The policy group recommends that, in context of developing advanced nuclear fuel cycles and next generation technologies for nuclear energy, the US should reexamine it policies to allow for research, development and deployment of fuel conditioning methods that reduce waste streams and enhance proliferation resistance.

2. Why you entered the field of NS&T- When the NRC licenses a nuclear power plant it grants the utility a 40 year license, there are not too many other industries that can guarantee me that the place I am working will operate for 40 years with an option for an additional 20 years with relicensing. Of all industry sources, nuclear energy is perhaps the lowest impact on the environment, including water, land, habitat, species and air resources. It is the world�s largest source of emission-free energy. Nuclear Power plants produce no controlled air pollutants, such as sulfur and particulates, or greenhouse gases. The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources help to keep the air clean, preserve the Earth�s climate, avoid ground-level ozone formation and prevent acid rain. For years , America�s commercial nuclear industry has ranked among the safest places to work in the US. In 2000, its industrial safety accident rate - wh/ tracks the number of accidents that result in lost work time, restricted work or fatalities - was 0.26 per 200,000 worker-hours. By comparison, the accident rate for US private industry was 3.1 per 200,000 worker-hours in 1998 - last year figures are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Why you entered the field of NS&T- When the NRC licenses a nuclear power plant it grants the utility a 40 year license, there are not too many other industries that can guarantee me that the place I am working will operate for 40 years with an option for an additional 20 years with relicensing. Of all industry sources, nuclear energy is perhaps the lowest impact on the environment, including water, land, habitat, species and air resources. It is the world�s largest source of emission-free energy. Nuclear Power plants produce no controlled air pollutants, such as sulfur and particulates, or greenhouse gases. The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources help to keep the air clean, preserve the Earth�s climate, avoid ground-level ozone formation and prevent acid rain. For years , America�s commercial nuclear industry has ranked among the safest places to work in the US. In 2000, its industrial safety accident rate - wh/ tracks the number of accidents that result in lost work time, restricted work or fatalities - was 0.26 per 200,000 worker-hours. By comparison, the accident rate for US private industry was 3.1 per 200,000 worker-hours in 1998 - last year figures are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

3. Even if you lived right next door to a nuclear power plant, you would still receive less radiation each year than you would receive in just one round-trip flight from New York to Los Angeles. You would have to live near a nuclear power plant for over 2,000 years to get the same amount of radiation exposure that you get from a single diagnostic medical e-ray. The largest man-made source of radiation is medical diagnosis and treatment, including X-rays, nuclear medicine and cancer treatment. More than 28, 000 American doctors practice medical specialties that use radiation In the US alone, according to the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 6.5 million serious cases of food-related illnesses occur each year. The US is among more than 35 countries that permit irradiation of certain foods. Since the 1960s, NASA has included irradiated food on its space flights.Even if you lived right next door to a nuclear power plant, you would still receive less radiation each year than you would receive in just one round-trip flight from New York to Los Angeles. You would have to live near a nuclear power plant for over 2,000 years to get the same amount of radiation exposure that you get from a single diagnostic medical e-ray. The largest man-made source of radiation is medical diagnosis and treatment, including X-rays, nuclear medicine and cancer treatment. More than 28, 000 American doctors practice medical specialties that use radiation In the US alone, according to the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 6.5 million serious cases of food-related illnesses occur each year. The US is among more than 35 countries that permit irradiation of certain foods. Since the 1960s, NASA has included irradiated food on its space flights.

4. Other info: Water discharged from a nuclear power plant contains no harmful pollutants and meets regulatory standards for temperature designed to protect aquatic life. This water, used for cooling never comes in contact with radioactive materials. If the water from the plant is so warm that it may harm marine life, it is cooled before it is discharged to it source. Because the areas around nuclear power plants and their cooling ponds are so clean, they are often developed as wetlands that provide nesting for waterfowl and other birds, new habitats for fish, and the preservation of other wildlife as well as trees, flowers and grass. Many energy companies have created special nature parks or wildlife sanctuaries on plant sites. B/C nuclear power plants produce a large amount of electricity in a relatively small space, they require significantly less land for siting and operation than other energy sources. For instance, solar and wind farms must occupy substantially more land, and must be sited in geographically unpopulated areas far from energy demand. To build the equivalent of a 1,000 MW nuclear plant, a solar park would have to be larger than 35,000 acres, and a wind farm would have to be 150,000 acres or larger. (Farley 1800 acres For 1800 MW)Other info: Water discharged from a nuclear power plant contains no harmful pollutants and meets regulatory standards for temperature designed to protect aquatic life. This water, used for cooling never comes in contact with radioactive materials. If the water from the plant is so warm that it may harm marine life, it is cooled before it is discharged to it source. Because the areas around nuclear power plants and their cooling ponds are so clean, they are often developed as wetlands that provide nesting for waterfowl and other birds, new habitats for fish, and the preservation of other wildlife as well as trees, flowers and grass. Many energy companies have created special nature parks or wildlife sanctuaries on plant sites. B/C nuclear power plants produce a large amount of electricity in a relatively small space, they require significantly less land for siting and operation than other energy sources. For instance, solar and wind farms must occupy substantially more land, and must be sited in geographically unpopulated areas far from energy demand. To build the equivalent of a 1,000 MW nuclear plant, a solar park would have to be larger than 35,000 acres, and a wind farm would have to be 150,000 acres or larger. (Farley 1800 acres For 1800 MW)

6. There are many different kinds of engineers as well as other professionals needed to design, build and operate a nuclear power plant. Design and Construction - While no new plants are currently being built in the US they are being built in other countries - South Africa has already begun construction on the new Pebble Bed Reactor - designs are being made by Westinghouse, General Electric, Department of Energy and other companies for the next type of reactors that will be used in the next reactors in the US. Nuclear Engineers make sure the reactor core is configured and designed correctly so that the fuel is used most efficiently and safely. They specify the type of fuel to be ordered, supervise receipt and inspection of the fuel. They also design the reactor shielding and conduct surveillances to ensure fuel limits are not exceeded. Mechanical Engineers - supervise the areas involving heat transfer and fluid flow - removing the heat from the reactor that is needed to turn the turbine and make electricity. They are also responsible for machinery design as well as piping valves, pumps, turbines and diesels. Electrical Engineers - responsible for the routing of electric power to all the components in the plant as well as the routing of electricity to our customers. Recently computer software has become an integral part in running a power plant and the electrical/computer engineers are responsible for the plant computers which are used to monitor the conditions in the plant. Materials Engineers - analyze material properties of plant equipment to ensure integrity during operation. They also perform nondestructive examination, part failure analysis and test equipment to ensure that it can withstand the temperatures, pressure, vibration and radiation of an operating plant. Civil/Structural Engineers - ensure the physical integrity of plant structures including the Containment Building and radiation shielding for the reactor. They make sure the plant will safely handle extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Operation and Maintenance Reactor Operators are licensed or non-licensed individuals that conduct the startup, shutdowns and normal operation of the nuclear power plant, they also monitor all functions. Operators are responsible for operating the reactor�s controls , they start and stop the equipment and are stationed at the plant around the clock to perform these responsibilities in accordance with plant licenses. Reactor Operator positions typically do not require a degree. Senior Reactor Operators are licensed to operate the nuclear power plant in accordance with all regulations. They have the overall responsibility of the plant. Qualifying as s SRO requires 5 or more years of experience as a reactor operator, or a college degree and 18 months of additional training and passing an NRC exam. System Engineers are engineers that are responsible for the performance of a specific plant system, optimizing plant capacity by ensuring their system is operating properly. They oversee plant performance and cost data - analyzing preventive and predictive maintenance tasks, surveillance tests, equipment hours and repair parts availability and recommend and implement design changes. Maintenance keep the plant machinery in optimal condition to ensure reliable plant operation, to keep the plant producing electricity and to avoid unscheduled shutdowns. The engineers or supervisors oversee and advise on routine maintenance which includes scheduling replacement of worn parts. They monitor equipment failure and recommend corrective actions to improve reliability. Health Physicists provide protection for the plant workers and the general public from radiation. They ensure that plant radiation practices conform to federal regulations. In case of a radiation accident they would assess its environmental impact and prepare protective action recommendations. Chemists obtain and analyze numerous water, oil and particulate samples in support of plant operations.There are many different kinds of engineers as well as other professionals needed to design, build and operate a nuclear power plant. Design and Construction - While no new plants are currently being built in the US they are being built in other countries - South Africa has already begun construction on the new Pebble Bed Reactor - designs are being made by Westinghouse, General Electric, Department of Energy and other companies for the next type of reactors that will be used in the next reactors in the US. Nuclear Engineers make sure the reactor core is configured and designed correctly so that the fuel is used most efficiently and safely. They specify the type of fuel to be ordered, supervise receipt and inspection of the fuel. They also design the reactor shielding and conduct surveillances to ensure fuel limits are not exceeded. Mechanical Engineers - supervise the areas involving heat transfer and fluid flow - removing the heat from the reactor that is needed to turn the turbine and make electricity. They are also responsible for machinery design as well as piping valves, pumps, turbines and diesels. Electrical Engineers - responsible for the routing of electric power to all the components in the plant as well as the routing of electricity to our customers. Recently computer software has become an integral part in running a power plant and the electrical/computer engineers are responsible for the plant computers which are used to monitor the conditions in the plant. Materials Engineers - analyze material properties of plant equipment to ensure integrity during operation. They also perform nondestructive examination, part failure analysis and test equipment to ensure that it can withstand the temperatures, pressure, vibration and radiation of an operating plant. Civil/Structural Engineers - ensure the physical integrity of plant structures including the Containment Building and radiation shielding for the reactor. They make sure the plant will safely handle extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Operation and Maintenance Reactor Operators are licensed or non-licensed individuals that conduct the startup, shutdowns and normal operation of the nuclear power plant, they also monitor all functions. Operators are responsible for operating the reactor�s controls , they start and stop the equipment and are stationed at the plant around the clock to perform these responsibilities in accordance with plant licenses. Reactor Operator positions typically do not require a degree. Senior Reactor Operators are licensed to operate the nuclear power plant in accordance with all regulations. They have the overall responsibility of the plant. Qualifying as s SRO requires 5 or more years of experience as a reactor operator, or a college degree and 18 months of additional training and passing an NRC exam. System Engineers are engineers that are responsible for the performance of a specific plant system, optimizing plant capacity by ensuring their system is operating properly. They oversee plant performance and cost data - analyzing preventive and predictive maintenance tasks, surveillance tests, equipment hours and repair parts availability and recommend and implement design changes. Maintenance keep the plant machinery in optimal condition to ensure reliable plant operation, to keep the plant producing electricity and to avoid unscheduled shutdowns. The engineers or supervisors oversee and advise on routine maintenance which includes scheduling replacement of worn parts. They monitor equipment failure and recommend corrective actions to improve reliability. Health Physicists provide protection for the plant workers and the general public from radiation. They ensure that plant radiation practices conform to federal regulations. In case of a radiation accident they would assess its environmental impact and prepare protective action recommendations. Chemists obtain and analyze numerous water, oil and particulate samples in support of plant operations.

7. Heavy elements such as uranium used in generating nuclear power are extremely concentrated sources of energy. Fissioning a 12 oz can full of uranium would yield as much energy as that contained in 50 shuttle external tanks. Harnessing nuclear energy for spaceflight seems an obvious choice. Engineers are needed to research was to make this possible. There are two types of nuclear space power sources: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) and Reactor Power Systems. Currently the RTGs are only used on deep space missions. The Lunar Module of Apollo 13 was an RTG. When Apollo 13 was forced by an accident to return to Earth without landing on the Moon, the Lunar Module was jettisoned as the spacecraft approached the earth. Air and water samples taken in the reentry area indicated there was no release of radioactive material from the reentry of that RTG. NASA is currently working with the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy to develop the technology needed for the Space Nuclear Reactor. This program will develop and demonstrate in ground tests the technology required for space reactor power systems 10 kW to 100�s of kWh. This program will assure sufficient power, at substantially reduced weight for selected future Earth orbiting spacecraft or piloted Mars MissionsHeavy elements such as uranium used in generating nuclear power are extremely concentrated sources of energy. Fissioning a 12 oz can full of uranium would yield as much energy as that contained in 50 shuttle external tanks. Harnessing nuclear energy for spaceflight seems an obvious choice. Engineers are needed to research was to make this possible. There are two types of nuclear space power sources: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) and Reactor Power Systems. Currently the RTGs are only used on deep space missions. The Lunar Module of Apollo 13 was an RTG. When Apollo 13 was forced by an accident to return to Earth without landing on the Moon, the Lunar Module was jettisoned as the spacecraft approached the earth. Air and water samples taken in the reentry area indicated there was no release of radioactive material from the reentry of that RTG. NASA is currently working with the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy to develop the technology needed for the Space Nuclear Reactor. This program will develop and demonstrate in ground tests the technology required for space reactor power systems 10 kW to 100�s of kWh. This program will assure sufficient power, at substantially reduced weight for selected future Earth orbiting spacecraft or piloted Mars Missions

8. Nuclear medicine is the medical discipline that uses radioactive materials to diagnose and treat disease. It combines chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology and medicine in using radioactivity to diagnose and treat disease. Nuclear physicians are typically based out of universities or hospitals and have limited involvement in direct patient care. They participate in the intellectual challenge of assisting with the formulation of patient diagnoses and treatment. Nuclear Medicine Technologist are highly specialized healthcare professionals who work closely with the nuclear medicine physician. Some of the primary responsibilities are to prepare and administer radioactive chemical compounds, known as radiopharmaceuticals perform patient imaging procedures using sophisticated radiation - detecting instrumentation accomplish computer processing and image enhancement analyze biologic specimens in the laboratory provide images, data analysis, and patient information to the physician for diagnostic interpretation Nuclear pharmacist can be granted certification from the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties. Training - The residency program in nuclear medicine trains qualified physicians to serve as consultants in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radioactive pharmaceuticals. The total training period after medical school graduation is at least 3 years. Residents are required to have one or more years of preparatory training and two or more years of nuclear medicine residency training in ACGME accredited programs. Nuclear medicine will continue to be a field that is at the forefrount of modern clinical medicine and technological development. The future of nuclear medicine involves the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes promising research and development of cancer-detecting and cancer-killing agents, such as genetically engineered antibodies the expanding clinical use of exciting new technology Nuclear medicine is the medical discipline that uses radioactive materials to diagnose and treat disease. It combines chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology and medicine in using radioactivity to diagnose and treat disease. Nuclear physicians are typically based out of universities or hospitals and have limited involvement in direct patient care. They participate in the intellectual challenge of assisting with the formulation of patient diagnoses and treatment. Nuclear Medicine Technologist are highly specialized healthcare professionals who work closely with the nuclear medicine physician. Some of the primary responsibilities are to prepare and administer radioactive chemical compounds, known as radiopharmaceuticals perform patient imaging procedures using sophisticated radiation - detecting instrumentation accomplish computer processing and image enhancement analyze biologic specimens in the laboratory provide images, data analysis, and patient information to the physician for diagnostic interpretation Nuclear pharmacist can be granted certification from the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties. Training - The residency program in nuclear medicine trains qualified physicians to serve as consultants in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radioactive pharmaceuticals. The total training period after medical school graduation is at least 3 years. Residents are required to have one or more years of preparatory training and two or more years of nuclear medicine residency training in ACGME accredited programs. Nuclear medicine will continue to be a field that is at the forefrount of modern clinical medicine and technological development. The future of nuclear medicine involves the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes promising research and development of cancer-detecting and cancer-killing agents, such as genetically engineered antibodies the expanding clinical use of exciting new technology

9. In the US it is estimated that 30 million people get sick each year from microbacterial contamination on food. An estimated 4000 people die in the US each year from Salmonella poisoning and these problems are more serious worldwide. Food irradiation can be used to kill the microbacterial contamination on food. The radiation does not make the food itself radioactive, so a person eating irradiated food does not receive any radiation dose from the food. It is similar to getting an x-ray at the doctors office. When you get an x-ray you do not become radioactive. The sterilization of food through the use of irradiation allows the storage of food products, including meat at room temperature for an indefinite time. Radiation to sterilize food is now used in the space program as well as in hospital diet programs. How does food irradiation work? The food is packaged in containers and placed on a conveyer built inside a shielded room. The food is then exposed to a predetermined amount of radiation depending on the type of food. The energy passes through the food breaking the molecular bonds in the DNA of bacteria, other pathogens and insects. These organisms die or are unable to reproduce. The food is left virtually unchanged but the number is harmful bacteria or reduced or eliminated. Irradiation facilities are strictly regulated as are other nuclear facilities and are built to withstand harmful earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes. The workers are protected by thick walls surrounding the source Will irradiated food cost more? Irradiated products sold to date have cost slightly more than their conventional counterparts. Industry experts estimate the increase of about 2 to 3 cents per pound for fruit and 3 to 5 cents per pound for meat and poultry.In the US it is estimated that 30 million people get sick each year from microbacterial contamination on food. An estimated 4000 people die in the US each year from Salmonella poisoning and these problems are more serious worldwide. Food irradiation can be used to kill the microbacterial contamination on food. The radiation does not make the food itself radioactive, so a person eating irradiated food does not receive any radiation dose from the food. It is similar to getting an x-ray at the doctors office. When you get an x-ray you do not become radioactive. The sterilization of food through the use of irradiation allows the storage of food products, including meat at room temperature for an indefinite time. Radiation to sterilize food is now used in the space program as well as in hospital diet programs. How does food irradiation work? The food is packaged in containers and placed on a conveyer built inside a shielded room. The food is then exposed to a predetermined amount of radiation depending on the type of food. The energy passes through the food breaking the molecular bonds in the DNA of bacteria, other pathogens and insects. These organisms die or are unable to reproduce. The food is left virtually unchanged but the number is harmful bacteria or reduced or eliminated. Irradiation facilities are strictly regulated as are other nuclear facilities and are built to withstand harmful earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes. The workers are protected by thick walls surrounding the source Will irradiated food cost more? Irradiated products sold to date have cost slightly more than their conventional counterparts. Industry experts estimate the increase of about 2 to 3 cents per pound for fruit and 3 to 5 cents per pound for meat and poultry.

10. Health physicists work in a variety of disciplines, including research, industry, education, environmental protection and enforcement of government regulation. Power Reactor HP are responsible for all phases of radiation protection at a reactor site. Some of these responsibilities include selecting, purchasing and maintaining radiation protection, laboratory and detection equipment. Al nuclear plant workers are required to attend radiation protection training yearly. The power reactor HP must be ready to respond quickly with expertise in the unlikely event of a radiation accident. They are trained to make assessments of environmental impacts and required to ensure that the facility complies will all federal regulations. Typical daily activities include reviewing all radiological monitoring data for as many as 2,000 permanent site employees, survey radiological areas, radiation records and internal and external dosimetry information. Medical HP work wherever radiation sources are sued to diagnose and treat human disease. They are needed to ensure proper and safe working conditions for both the patient and the medical staff when using radiation sources such as x-ray machines, particle accelerators and other types of radioactive materials. They are responsible for performing radiation safety surveys of all radiation sources used within the facility, monitoring radiation exposure, establishing procedures and assuring that the medical facility complies with all regulations. Nuclear Weapon HP are responsible for radiation protection and safety at defense sites that store and assemble nuclear weapons. They are responsible for surveying radiological areas and identifying proper protective equipment needed for workers as well as weapons. HP in Regulatory Enforcement and Occupational Safety No matter what the nuclear use there are strict regulations that guide and provide a margin of safety. These HP establish the future rules and regulations regarding the manufacture, use and disposal of radioactive material. They also ensure that current safety requirements are meet and implemented. HP in Education Environmental HP are most closely related to protecting the public and environment. How do you become an HP? A basic education in the physical sciences is necessary but additional training will also be required. Knowledge of air and water sampling techniques and methods of analysis are essential in detecting and determining concentrations of radionuclides in air and water. Training in electronics is also required to operate the radiation detection instruments. Training for Hp technicians are available for several programs and are offered at 2-year associate schools. Health physicists work in a variety of disciplines, including research, industry, education, environmental protection and enforcement of government regulation. Power Reactor HP are responsible for all phases of radiation protection at a reactor site. Some of these responsibilities include selecting, purchasing and maintaining radiation protection, laboratory and detection equipment. Al nuclear plant workers are required to attend radiation protection training yearly. The power reactor HP must be ready to respond quickly with expertise in the unlikely event of a radiation accident. They are trained to make assessments of environmental impacts and required to ensure that the facility complies will all federal regulations. Typical daily activities include reviewing all radiological monitoring data for as many as 2,000 permanent site employees, survey radiological areas, radiation records and internal and external dosimetry information. Medical HP work wherever radiation sources are sued to diagnose and treat human disease. They are needed to ensure proper and safe working conditions for both the patient and the medical staff when using radiation sources such as x-ray machines, particle accelerators and other types of radioactive materials. They are responsible for performing radiation safety surveys of all radiation sources used within the facility, monitoring radiation exposure, establishing procedures and assuring that the medical facility complies with all regulations. Nuclear Weapon HP are responsible for radiation protection and safety at defense sites that store and assemble nuclear weapons. They are responsible for surveying radiological areas and identifying proper protective equipment needed for workers as well as weapons. HP in Regulatory Enforcement and Occupational Safety No matter what the nuclear use there are strict regulations that guide and provide a margin of safety. These HP establish the future rules and regulations regarding the manufacture, use and disposal of radioactive material. They also ensure that current safety requirements are meet and implemented. HP in Education Environmental HP are most closely related to protecting the public and environment. How do you become an HP? A basic education in the physical sciences is necessary but additional training will also be required. Knowledge of air and water sampling techniques and methods of analysis are essential in detecting and determining concentrations of radionuclides in air and water. Training in electronics is also required to operate the radiation detection instruments. Training for Hp technicians are available for several programs and are offered at 2-year associate schools.

11. How you can qualify Be a US Citizen 17 to 24 years of age Obligate to active duty for 6 years Attain qualifying scores on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and Advanced Placement Test (APT). Qualify for access to classified security information Speak clearly and enjoy working with others Great Benefits Receive a sign up bonus up to $60,000 Special Duty Pay Receive extensive training in maintenance and operation of nuclear reactors Continued college education through Navy College Program and tuition assistance. Accelerated advancement to E-4. Mechanics Operate and maintain refrigeration and air condition plants Perform chemical and quality assurance test on water and oil Make entries and analyze machinery operating records and reports Control operation of turbo generators used to produce electric power Great Benefits Experience in maintaining million dollar machinery equipment Continued college education through Navy College Program and tuition assistance Excellent training in operating and maintaining machinery equipment Earn certification as a Hydroelectric Machinery Mechanic from the Department of Labor Civilian Related Jobs - engineer, firefighter, power plant operator, oxygen plant operator. Money for college: Loan repayment, Montgomery GI Bill, ROTC, Service Academies, Army and Navy College Funds, Navy College Assistance/Student Headstart, Tuition Assistance and Community College of the Air Force. See http://www.military.com/Recruiting/MoneyforcollegeHow you can qualify Be a US Citizen 17 to 24 years of age Obligate to active duty for 6 years Attain qualifying scores on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and Advanced Placement Test (APT). Qualify for access to classified security information Speak clearly and enjoy working with others Great Benefits Receive a sign up bonus up to $60,000 Special Duty Pay Receive extensive training in maintenance and operation of nuclear reactors Continued college education through Navy College Program and tuition assistance. Accelerated advancement to E-4. Mechanics Operate and maintain refrigeration and air condition plants Perform chemical and quality assurance test on water and oil Make entries and analyze machinery operating records and reports Control operation of turbo generators used to produce electric power Great Benefits Experience in maintaining million dollar machinery equipment Continued college education through Navy College Program and tuition assistance Excellent training in operating and maintaining machinery equipment Earn certification as a Hydroelectric Machinery Mechanic from the Department of Labor Civilian Related Jobs - engineer, firefighter, power plant operator, oxygen plant operator. Money for college: Loan repayment, Montgomery GI Bill, ROTC, Service Academies, Army and Navy College Funds, Navy College Assistance/Student Headstart, Tuition Assistance and Community College of the Air Force. See http://www.military.com/Recruiting/Moneyforcollege

12. In 1980, the Institute of Nuclear Power Operation (INPO) recognized the need to plan for the engineering needs of the future. With funding provided from INPO member utilities the National Academy of Nuclear Training was established. The Academy awards scholarships and fellowships to engineering students demonstrating outstanding academic achievement and interest in careers in the nuclear power industry. Undergraduate scholarships are available for students at US colleges and universities majoring in nuclear, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering, power-generation health physics with a nuclear or power option. Rising sophomores, juniors and seniors with a minimum of a 3.0 are eligible. Contact information: Ann D. Winters, Manager Education Assistance Program National Academy for Nuclear Training 700 Galleria Parkway Atlanta, GA 30339 1.800.828.5489 nanteap@inpo.orgIn 1980, the Institute of Nuclear Power Operation (INPO) recognized the need to plan for the engineering needs of the future. With funding provided from INPO member utilities the National Academy of Nuclear Training was established. The Academy awards scholarships and fellowships to engineering students demonstrating outstanding academic achievement and interest in careers in the nuclear power industry. Undergraduate scholarships are available for students at US colleges and universities majoring in nuclear, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering, power-generation health physics with a nuclear or power option. Rising sophomores, juniors and seniors with a minimum of a 3.0 are eligible. Contact information: Ann D. Winters, Manager Education Assistance Program National Academy for Nuclear Training 700 Galleria Parkway Atlanta, GA 30339 1.800.828.5489 nanteap@inpo.org

13. There are many different kinds of engineers as well as other professionals needed to design, build and operate a nuclear power plant. Design and Construction - While no new plants are currently being built in the US they are being built in other countries - South Africa has already begun construction on the new Pebble Bed Reactor - designs are being made by Westinghouse, General Electric, Department of Energy and other companies for the next type of reactors that will be used in the next reactors in the US. Nuclear Engineers make sure the reactor core is configured and designed correctly so that the fuel is used most efficiently and safely. They specify the type of fuel to be ordered, supervise receipt and inspection of the fuel. They also design the reactor shielding and conduct surveillances to ensure fuel limits are not exceeded. Mechanical Engineers - supervise the areas involving heat transfer and fluid flow - removing the heat from the reactor that is needed to turn the turbine and make electricity. They are also responsible for machinery design as well as piping valves, pumps, turbines and diesels. Electrical Engineers - responsible for the routing of electric power to all the components in the plant as well as the routing of electricity to our customers. Recently computer software has become an integral part in running a power plant and the electrical/computer engineers are responsible for the plant computers which are used to monitor the conditions in the plant. Materials Engineers - analyze material properties of plant equipment to ensure integrity during operation. They also perform nondestructive examination, part failure analysis and test equipment to ensure that it can withstand the temperatures, pressure, vibration and radiation of an operating plant. Civil/Structural Engineers - ensure the physical integrity of plant structures including the Containment Building and radiation shielding for the reactor. They make sure the plant will safely handle extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Operation and MaintenanceThere are many different kinds of engineers as well as other professionals needed to design, build and operate a nuclear power plant. Design and Construction - While no new plants are currently being built in the US they are being built in other countries - South Africa has already begun construction on the new Pebble Bed Reactor - designs are being made by Westinghouse, General Electric, Department of Energy and other companies for the next type of reactors that will be used in the next reactors in the US. Nuclear Engineers make sure the reactor core is configured and designed correctly so that the fuel is used most efficiently and safely. They specify the type of fuel to be ordered, supervise receipt and inspection of the fuel. They also design the reactor shielding and conduct surveillances to ensure fuel limits are not exceeded. Mechanical Engineers - supervise the areas involving heat transfer and fluid flow - removing the heat from the reactor that is needed to turn the turbine and make electricity. They are also responsible for machinery design as well as piping valves, pumps, turbines and diesels. Electrical Engineers - responsible for the routing of electric power to all the components in the plant as well as the routing of electricity to our customers. Recently computer software has become an integral part in running a power plant and the electrical/computer engineers are responsible for the plant computers which are used to monitor the conditions in the plant. Materials Engineers - analyze material properties of plant equipment to ensure integrity during operation. They also perform nondestructive examination, part failure analysis and test equipment to ensure that it can withstand the temperatures, pressure, vibration and radiation of an operating plant. Civil/Structural Engineers - ensure the physical integrity of plant structures including the Containment Building and radiation shielding for the reactor. They make sure the plant will safely handle extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Operation and Maintenance

14. With a combination of the market performance and economic conditions the need for new power plants to be built is on a rise to meeting the growing electricity demand. The US is expected to increase demand by 30-35% by 2010 and in order to do this a portion of the electricity must be nuclear if the country is to meet clean air standards and avoid overdependance on oil and natural gas. In order to meet these demands it is essential that we train people in the Nuclear Science and Technology field.With a combination of the market performance and economic conditions the need for new power plants to be built is on a rise to meeting the growing electricity demand. The US is expected to increase demand by 30-35% by 2010 and in order to do this a portion of the electricity must be nuclear if the country is to meet clean air standards and avoid overdependance on oil and natural gas. In order to meet these demands it is essential that we train people in the Nuclear Science and Technology field.