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Selection (decision) control structure Learning objective. Learning Objectives . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . page 2 If Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . page 3. Selection (decision) control structure Menu.
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Selection (decision) control structureLearning objective • Learning Objectives . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . page 2 • If Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . page 3
Selection (decision) control structureMenu Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to: • Understand, discuss, and trace the flow of control in single and nested if statements given the flow chart or pseudocode. • Write an If-Then-Else statement that will perform a given task. • Write an If-Then statement that will perform a given task. • Write a set of nested If statements that will perform a given task.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements The main selection control structure or branching statement is the IF-then-Else statement. Branching : is the selections of one or two alternate paths for execution based upon the evaluation of a conditional expression. The selection structure alter the control (or flow) of the program based on the value that is returned when a logical expression is evaluated. The returned value is known as the Boolean value. These values return either true or false. A Boolean Value: is an expression that is either true or false (see conditional expressions) When a single alternative selection structure returns the value of true, the actions on the true branch of the structure are executed. If the expression returns false, no actions are executed and the program control continues to the next executable statement structure in the program.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements An example of a single alternative selection is a program that is designed to allow the user to input two numbers. The program will then display the difference of the two numbers, Only if the first number is greater than the second number. The flow chart for this program would look like this : This statement is referred to as a dual alternative statement because there are two possible courses of action. The actions chosen depends on the results of evaluating a Boolean expression. A true conditions one course of action; a false condition contains another course of action. Dual alternative : The if, then, else statement is a dual alternative statement because there is an action to be taken on the true branch and on the false branch. Example: A Boolean expression : is an expression that is either true or false (see conditional expressions)
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements The format of the IF-Then-Else statement is : if (Boolean expression to be evaluated) then (statement or statements to be executed if the expression is true) else (statement or statements to be evaluated is the statement is false). Note some programming language do not use the word then: if (condition) (true alternative) else (false alternative) Example: if (the sun is shining) then I will go fishing else I will play computer games. Are there two alternatives? (see flow chart for example).
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements A simple version of the IF statement is a single alternative statement. This is the IF-Then statement with no else (or false) alternative. Example : If (I have a fishing pole) then I am going fishing. Note this statement does not tell you what to do if the condition is false. Flow chart example Another example: If revenue > cost) then Print: Profit (revenue cost). Note: We made a profit. C++ code example : If (revenue > cost) cout < < “Profit is $ “ < < revenue – cost;
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements If more than two alternatives are needed it is necessary to use nested if statements. Two or more is statements are combined so that then or else part of the first if statements, is an if statement and so on. The form looks like this Nested IF: A nested if is an If statement in which the true or false alternative is itself an If statement.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements If ( ) then . . . Else If( ) then . . . Else . . . Executions will continue through the nested If statement until a true condition is found, and its corresponding statement is executed, then control transfers to the statement following the nested statement.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements Control exists the nested if when a true condition is executed. Example : A classic example of a nested if statement is to determine a students letter grade given the numerical grade. See the flow chart
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements See the Pseudocode Notice: when the correct letter grade is determined the nested If statement is excited at that point. Notice: The grade F (If (grade > 49 ) ) does not require evaluation. If the grade is not greater than 59 ( ( grade > 59 ) Evaluates to false. The default grade of F is assigned.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements This task can also be completed by using a sequence of its statements executed one after the other. If (grade > 89) then letter grade = A Endif If (grade > 79) then letter grade = B Endif If (grade > 69) then letter grade = C Endif If (grade > 59) then letter grade = D Endif Else letter grade = F Endif This method seems to be less efficient since each if statement is always executed. There is no early out when a true condition is found.
Selection (decision) control structureiF statements You have completed the Selection decision control structure lesson.
