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Intellectual Renaissance in the 13th Century: Thomas Aquinas and Aristotelian Influence

Explore the intellectual revival in the 13th century, focusing on Thomas Aquinas, Aristotelian philosophy, impact of courtly love, and religious developments towards modernity.

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Intellectual Renaissance in the 13th Century: Thomas Aquinas and Aristotelian Influence

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  1. 13th century: Increased contact with other cultures (e.g. Muslims, Mongols) Increased discrimination against outsiders (e.g. Muslims, Jews, heretics, lepers, homosexuals) Passing of Classical texts and later works on these into Europe (e.g. Aristotle, btw. 1140 and 1280)

  2. 5th c. Fall of the Roman Empire 480-524 Life of Boethius, who translated some works on elementary logic into Latin 10th-12th c. Muslim and Jewish thinkers trying to harmonise Aristotle with their faiths Avicebron (Solomon ben Gabirol, 1020-70) Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon, 1135 Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980-1037) -1204) Averroës (Ibn Rushd, 1126-98)

  3. 12th c. Works of Aristotle, along with commentaries by Jewish and Muslim authors, translated from Arabic in Sicily and, especially, Spain Mid-13th c. Original Greek texts available Old Logic: Older texts translated by Boethius New Logic: Everything else!

  4. Four Elements: Earth Air Fire Water

  5. “Prime Mover” Astronomy/Astrology Alchemy

  6. Four humours (following Galen (129-c. 216)) Blood Yellow Bile Phlegm Black Bile

  7. Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253): Bishop of Lincoln First-hand knowledge Optics and light Experimental falsification

  8. Roger Bacon (1220-92) Franciscan Experimental science

  9. Jean Buridan (c. 1300-70) and the Theory of Impetus: Aristotle: Buridan:

  10. Aristotle on theology: Asserting that universe is eternal Seemingly denying immortality of soul 13th c. Church tries to ban or expurgate Aristotle’s works 1255 Study for MA at Paris includes study of all Aristotle’s scientific works, unexpurgated

  11. Augustinian school of thought: incl. Bonaventure (Franciscan, 1217-74) Seeking to preserve pure teachings of St Augustine of Hippo (d. 430) Intuitive knowledge and goodness of will Need for divine illumination Universe created by God Rejecting opposing philosophical ideas

  12. Latin Averroist school of thought: incl. Siger of Brabant (c. 1240-84) Accepting Averroës’ commentaries on Aristotle as true interpretation, and Aristotle’s doctrines as irrefutable conclusions of human reason Universe eternal; souls absorbed into “active intellect” when died, but also believe God created universe and human souls immortal (“double truth”)

  13. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) Son of Italian baron Studies at Naples 1244 Joins Dominicans Studies under Albertus Magnus (c. 1206-80)

  14. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) 1252 Starts lecturing at Paris 1259-68 At papal court Then back in Paris until death

  15. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) Commentaries on Old Testament, New Testament and Aristotle’s works Treatises on disputed points Summa Contra Gentiles (on natural religion) Summa Theologiae (synthesis on nature of universe, human’s place within it) Dialectical method

  16. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) Truths of reason and truths of faith, never conflicting Human mind, through reason, can learn truth (Aristotle), but some truths only known because revealed. Supernatural truths complementing rational knowledge Argues against assertions of Aristotle that contradict Christianity using reason rather than scripture

  17. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) Emphasis on divine reason Human reason as link between world of nature and pure spiritual being of God Five proofs for existence of God: 1. First mover 4. Gradation 2. Efficient cause 5. “Intelligent 3. Necessary existence Design”

  18. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) On human nature: Rational ethics enabling humanity to attain proper end of earthly felicity (Aristotle), but humanity also has higher purpose: contemplation of God On politics: State as natural to humanity (Aristotle), needing to be governed by rational rulers, but church also needed to enable humans to attain supernatural destiny

  19. Song of Roland Old French, Earliest version from c. 1100 Basque attack on rearguard of Charlemagne’s army in Pyrenees in 778

  20. Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100-55), History of the Kings of Britain, c. 1136 Chrétien de Troyes (d. c. 1190), various romances about King Arthur’s knights, incl. Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart, written for Marie de Champagne

  21. Courtly Love Honour through devotion to a lady, usually someone else’s wife! Generally unrequited Difficult to assess actual impact of courtly love values on knightly behaviour

  22. Romance of the Rose (1230s-70s) By Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun Jean de Meun’s section incl. treatises on various topics incl. love, sex, marriage, women Graphic “plucking” of Rose

  23. Fabliaux: Comic, often bawdy tales intended to entertain and instruct

  24. The Golden Legend (c. 1260) By Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30-98) Compilation of lives of saints, as well as events in lives of Christ and Virgin Mary

  25. Religious Drama Miracle Plays: based on saints’ lives Mystery Plays: based on Bible stories Morality Plays: incl. personifications of virtues and vices (e.g. Wisdom, Anger, Folly, Sloth, etc.)

  26. Developments in religious music: vernacular, polyphony Increase in pilgrimages Shepherds’ Crusade of 1251 Flagellants in Italy and S. Germany from 1260

  27. Feast of Corpus Christi: Originally promoted by mystic Juliana of Cornillon (c. 1193-1258) 1264 Instituted by papacy By 1370 being celebrated with processions and dramatic performances Reports of miracles linked to Eucharistic Hosts

  28. 9th-10th c. Start of large-scale church building in Middle Ages, starting in N. Italy Builders following model of Byzantine (Roman) basilicas = Romanesque style Nave Aisles Transept Choir Apse Ambulatory

  29. barrel vault groin vault/cross vault Gothic style flying buttress

  30. Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30-98) Italian (Varraze, near Genoa) 1244 Joins Dominican Order 1292 Becomes Bishop of Genoa Various works: sermons on Gospel readings, saints’ days, Virgin Mary; chronicle of Genoa; and Legenda Aurea (Golden Legend) - compilation of lives of saints, as well as events in lives of Christ and Virgin Mary

  31. Chrétien de Troyes (d. c. 1190) Know almost nothing about him. Associated with court of Marie de Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine May have visited England. Spent some years in 1180s at court of Marie’s cousin Philip of Alsace Wrote five Arthurian romances: Erec and Enide; Cligés; Yvain, or the Knight with the Lion; Perceval/The Story of the Grail; and Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart. Last two unfinished

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