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HIV Across Houston/Harris Co., Texas: Time, Space and Race

HIV Across Houston/Harris Co., Texas: Time, Space and Race. Presenter: Katherine Ngo, MPH Authors: Katherine Ngo MPH, Biru Yang MPH PhD, Monica Slentz BS, Lu-Yu Hwang MD, M. Aaron Sayegh PhD MPH. Presented to: 2011 Annual CSTE Conference June 12 -16, 2011.

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HIV Across Houston/Harris Co., Texas: Time, Space and Race

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  1. HIV Across Houston/Harris Co., Texas: Time, Space and Race Presenter: Katherine Ngo, MPH Authors: Katherine Ngo MPH, Biru Yang MPH PhD, Monica Slentz BS, Lu-Yu Hwang MD, M. Aaron Sayegh PhD MPH Presented to: 2011 Annual CSTE Conference June 12 -16, 2011

  2. The Landscape of HIV in Houston/Harris County, TX • Houston has the highest rate of infection in the entire state of Texas.1 • In 2008, Houston was ranked 14th in the nation for diagnosis of HIV infection.2 • In 2008, Houston’s estimated rate of diagnosis of HIV infection was 28.9 per 100,000 population.2 http://searchsalf.blogspot.com/2009/09/hiv-cartoon-3-search-id-pwen42.html

  3. HIV Cases by Diagnosis Year in Houston/Harris Co., TX 1999-2007

  4. HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) • HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) • HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) • HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) • HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) • HIV Rate by Census Tract • Houston-Sugarland-Baytown MSA (2009) Thematic Map Results

  5. Map of Results(Per Capita Income) Source: the ESRI 2009 Sourcebook America dataset

  6. Map of Results(Percent Black in Houston) Source: the ESRI 2009 Sourcebook America dataset

  7. A Note About Zip codes • Why were zip codes not used? • Zip code boundaries do not define social differences • Census tracts created as a proxy for neighborhoods3

  8. Social Determinants of Health • What are social determinants of health? • World Health Organization Definition: • The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and locallevels, which are themselves influenced by policy choices. The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

  9. The HIV-GIS Project • In 2010, the Houston Department of Health and Human Services (HDHHS) initiated a project to enhance HIV surveillance data collected across its jurisdiction. The project involves the geocoding and linking of HIV diagnoses information to social determinants of health (SDH) data.

  10. Project Objectives • Increased use of geocoding in HIV surveillance programs will provide a better understanding of local disease distribution and epidemiology and can provide more cost effective HIV surveillance, delivery of services, and better evaluation of current prevention activities. Once the HIV surveillance data are geocoded, the data can be linked with other data. • GIS analyses will allow the user(s) to assess current activities to prevent HIV infection, to identify new venues or activities for engaging hard to reach high-risk populations, and to target the allocation of local resources.

  11. Study Objective • To determine the social determinants of health associated with HIV diagnosis in Houston/Harris County.

  12. Methods • Data Sources: ehanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS), 2000 US Census • Time frame: 2008 and 2009 • 525/754 census tracts • Unit of Analysis: Census Tracts • Geocoded Addresses of HIV cases newly diagnosed in 2008 and 2009 to the census tract level. • Six social determinants of health (SDH) variables selected for study through literature review and focus group discussions • SDH variables linked to census tracts

  13. SDH Variables Outcome: Number of HIV cases per census tract Geographic level: census tract • % of population in extreme poverty • % African American (Institutional segregation) • % of linguistically isolated households • % without high school education • % residential stability (% of population living in the same house over a 5-year period) • % unemployed or not participating in workforce

  14. Analysis • Correlation analysis detected significant associations between the SDH variables and the number of new HIV diagnoses in a census tract. • Logistic and Linear Regression http://www.cadalyst.com/management/cad-cartoon-5379

  15. Pearson’s Correlation Matrix

  16. Logistic Regression Results

  17. Linear Regression Results

  18. Limitations • Preliminary Data Analysis • Small sample size • Data for only 2 years • Limited to 2000 Census

  19. Strengths • First study of its kind • Collaboration between bureaus • Hypothesis generating

  20. Conclusions • These results indicate a significant linear relationship between the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV, poverty and the racial ethnic composition of a census tract. • The results of this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies on health disparities. • Future analysis will determine if these associations represent successful outreach or service gaps.

  21. Acknowledgements • Houston Department of Health and Human Services • Biru Yang MPH PhD, Monica Slentz BS, M. Aaron Sayegh PhD MPH • Bureau of Epidemiology • Bureau of Community Health Statistics • Bureau of HIV/STD Prevention • The University of Texas School of Public Health • Lu-Yu Hwang MD

  22. References • http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/hivstd/reports/default.shtm • http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2008report/pdf/2008SurveillanceReport.pdf • Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV, Carson R: Zip code caveat: Bias due to spati-temporal mismatches between zip codes and U.S. census-defined geographic areas -- The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health 2002, 92:1100-1102. • Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV (2005) Painting a truer picture of US socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health inequalities: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health 95: 312–323. • http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/ • http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf • www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm6021.pdf

  23. Questions???

  24. Thank you!! Katherine Ngo, MPH Epidemiologist Bureau of Epidemiology Houston Department of Health and Human Services Tel: 832-393-5080 E-mail: Katherine.ngo@houstontx.gov

  25. Katherine Ngo • Recent graduate of the University of Texas School of Public Health. Graduating with an MPH • Received Bachelor’s degree from the University of Texas at Austin • Began interning at the Houston Department of Health and Human Services in 2008 doing foodborne surveillance

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