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Introduction to Radiation Fundamentals

Introduction to Radiation Fundamentals. Radiation Fundamentals. Objectives. Atomic Structure Fundamentals of Ionizing Radiation Radiation Injury Radiation Sources Radiation Protection Practices Radiation Detection. Protons - Positive Charge - 1 AMU - determines element

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Introduction to Radiation Fundamentals

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  1. Introduction to Radiation Fundamentals

  2. Radiation Fundamentals • Objectives. • Atomic Structure • Fundamentals of Ionizing Radiation • Radiation Injury • Radiation Sources • Radiation Protection Practices • Radiation Detection

  3. Protons - Positive Charge - 1 AMU - determines element Neutron - Neutral Charge - “Nuclear Glue” to hold nucleus together - 1 AMU Electron - Negative Charge - Orbits nucleus - determines atoms reactivity

  4. Ionizing Radiation Radiations that can transfer enough energy to remove electrons from their atoms are referred to as “Ionizing Radiations”

  5. Ionizing Radiation

  6. Alpha Particles Most Common decay mode for heavy nuclides. Particle has a mass of 4 AMU Carries a +2 charge Although emitted at high energies, 4-6 million electron volts (MeV), because of it size and charge it is not very penetrating. Minimal External Hazard Primarily an Internal Hazard

  7. Beta Particles Electron emitted from the nucleus. Can be positive or negatively charged. Emitted with a spectrum of energies, can be difficult to determine proper protective devices. As a particle, penetrability is limited but greater than that of an alpha particle. External Hazard and Internal Hazard based on energy.

  8. Gamma Radiations Massless “packet” of energy Byproduct of a particulate decay Carries no charge Emitted at energies characteristic to the parent nucleus. Very penetrating radiation capable of causing internal damage with requiring the source to be internalized.

  9. Radiation Injury • Risk from Exposure • Acute exposure -vs- effect is well documented • Large doses received over short duration • Effects on individual exposed • Chronic exposure -vs- effect more obscure • No cancer increases at occupational exposures • Potential can not be dismissed • High natural occurrence of cancer

  10. Radiation Injury Average estimated days lost due to daily activities

  11. Radiation Sources • Background Radiation Exposures received by all living beings. • Contributions from natural sources as well as from man made sources.

  12. Natural Sources

  13. Man-Made Sources

  14. Radioactive Decay Atoms that have excess energy within the nucleus will go through a “decay” emitting its excess energy in the form of a particulate or electromagenetic radiation. In many instances, a single decay does not result in a stable atom.

  15. Half-Life Radioactive materials all decay with a characteristic rate of decay. The term half-life is used to identify the time required for a quantity of radioactive atoms to decay to half of the original number of atoms.

  16. Principles of Protection • Time • Dose is base on exposure time, therefore if you minimize your time you minimize your dose. • Distance – Intensity decreases greatly with increase in distance from the source. • Shielding- placing the proper materials between you and the source can decrease your dose.

  17. Radiation Detection Not detectable with our senses. Detection is performed through the measurement of the ionization created in a detecting chamber.

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