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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Biology Introduction. Why Biology?. Understand your world Make informed decisions Self Family Medical Diet Make informed votes Understand significance of accomplishments. Definition. Bios = life ology = study of Biology = study of life. Living things have….

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Biology Introduction

  2. Why Biology? • Understand your world • Make informed decisions • Self • Family • Medical • Diet • Make informed votes • Understand significance of accomplishments

  3. Definition • Bios = life • ology= study of • Biology = study of life

  4. Living things have…. • Organization • Atom • Molecule • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ system

  5. Living things have…. • Organization (cont.) • Multicelled organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  6. Living things must… • Acquire energy • Autotrophs • Heterorophs • Metabolize • Maintain homeostasis

  7. Living things must…. • Grow • Reproduce • Respond • Adapt

  8. Classification • Taxonomy—ID and organize into logical groups • Nomenclature—name organisms • Binomial nomenclature (Genus, species) • Homo sapiens • Canis lupus • Felisconcolor

  9. Hierarchy of Classification • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Arthropoda • Class Insecta • Order Lepidoptera • Family Danaidae • Genus Danaus • Species plexippus Monarch Butterfly

  10. Domains • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  11. Scientific Method • Gather information about the world • Do it objectively • Explain the natural world using rules or patterns in the natural world • Explanations that are testable • Can use information for prediction • No conclusion drawn in science is final! • However, can say many things with high probability

  12. Scientific method • Observation • Hypothesis • Test • Analyze & Interpret • Repeat • Theory

  13. Experimental design • Control Group • Standard of Comparison • Identical to testing group other than the variable being tested • Sampling Error • Certain amount of error in any study • Try to minimize by taking large sample sizes

  14. Experiment… • Observation: Some students fall asleep in Dr. Bern’s class • Hypothesis: Dr. Bern is the most boring Biology instructor • Test: Count number of sleeping students in Dr. Bern’s and Mr. Harnden’s classes • Results: 3/48 Students sleeping in Dr. Bern’s class, 4/48 students sleeping in Mr. Harnden’s class • Repeat: Count sleeping students in Dr. Bern’s and Ms. Henderson’s classes • Results: 3/48 students sleeping in Dr. Bern’s class, 2/48 students sleeping in Ms. Henderson’s • Analysis: 4% of students sleep in Ms. Henderson’s class, 6% in Dr. Bern’s, 8% in Mr. Harnden’s. There is a 3% margin of error. • Conclusion: Student’s sleep in Dr. Bern’s class at the same rate as other Biology instructors • Theory: Whether or not students fall asleep in class doesn’t depend on the instructor

  15. Biological Therapy Experiments • Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections?

  16. Experiment 1 • Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria • Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection

  17. Experiment 1—test • Experimental group • Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage • Control group • Inject with bacteria and saline

  18. Experiment 1—results & conclusion • Experimental group All mice lived • Control group All mice died • Conclusion - Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial infections

  19. Experiment 2 • Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin • Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage

  20. Experiment 2—results • With 2nd injection: • Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived • 60 mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived • 100 mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 lived • Saline - all mice died • Conclusion - Bacteriophage treatment can be as good or better than antibiotic

  21. limitations • Limited to our knowledge and understanding of the natural world • Cannot answer philosophical, moral, or ethical questions • Limited by man’s falibility

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