Gender Difference/ Gendered Inequality

1. Gender Difference/ Gendered Inequality Presented by: Ren Robin, Titilope, Bessmah and Fargol.

2. Gender Difference • A gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general. • Minority women are often victims of gender difference. Aboriginal, immigrant, refugee and racialized continue to experience violence in their lives. • They are victimized for violence many reasons, such as devalued status, exposure to rape and domestic abuse.

3. Minorities and discrimination • Immigrant and racialized women must endure the threat of violence because of their immigrant status, language, cultural constraints and punitive restrictions because of discrimination, social isolation and marginalization( as we have discussed in this course). • Stereotypes Slide 4 • Racialized minority women continually confront social stereotypes, with consequences that often punish immigrant women and racialized women of color as less than human and undeserving of respect.

4. Canada aboriginal women confront racial and sexual violence by strangers and ex- partners in homes and remote local area. • Aboriginal women are three times more likely to report violence perpetrated by a current partner. • They also run eight times the risk of death by an ex partner after separation. • It is estimated that more than 60 women are killed each year by their partners.

5. There is a pattern to the indiscriminate killing of aboriginal, racialized, and immigrant women. Such as, • Misogyny: Means hatred of women • Sexism : Belief in the inferiority of women • Androcentrism: A tendency to see the world from a male normative standard • Patriarchy: A system designed by prioritized for, and organized around male interest.

6. ??? • Question : Do women suffer abuse because of their gender or ethnicity or race or social class?

7. Society and Gender Difference • All societies make a distinction between male and female. Slide 9 • Societies tend to endorse a division of labour • Male public-domain activities are usually valued as superior where as the private (maternal, domestic) world of women is devalued as inferior or irrelevant or even dangerous.Slide 9 • .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwN6-Pe3o3w&feature=related

8. Minorities within Minorities • Minority women and men endure both exclusion and exploitation because of race, ethnicity, and social class. • Minorities are women as well as minorities within minorities • Minority women experience reality differently than do white women because they are differently located with respect to the devalued statuses of gender, race, class, and ethnicity.

9. Definitions • Androcentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, placing male beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one’s view of the world. • Patriarchy refers to a society that is organized by, for, and around men.

10. Gendered Difference as Gendered Inequality *Common Goals of Minority Men & Women: Firstly Desiring for an end to discrimination in housing, employment, education, and access to social services Secondly Looking for protection of their fundamental human rights without any bureaucratic interferences Thirdly Availability of new opportunities for their children without loss of cultural heritage *Hyper-Visibility preventing Participation & Integration *Overseas credentials and experiences not recognized  Results in formation of Ethnic Enclaves and regression into crime to sustain livelihoods

11. MINORITY MALES • -For men, the process of adjusting and coping with the cultural differences is most challenging • -Father experiences transition from only • BREADWINNER to NURTURER as well • -Wives & Children develop their own • Social circles • -Males experience a loss of control • & confidence as role models & • Regulators • Overtime, this reverts into • forms of striking out at daughters • or wives

12. White Women, Minority Women *The experience of Minority woman is DOUBLY JEOPARDIZING Not only are they part of the minority category, but they are also part of another devalued category; that of gender within a patriarchal society *Not all women are equally disadvantaged; Differential status under Aboriginal women, women of color, immigrant, and refugee women translates into different experiences of control and domination *White women = focus on bringing private concerns into public realm *Minority Women = focus on issues related to discrimination, healthy children, and daily survival

13. *Since White women do not experience “race” as minority women do, they are free to focus on sexism as the centre-point of their struggle *And since minority women experience racism, ethnocentrism, and classism on top of sexism, they cannot make sexism alone the centre-point of their struggle THIS SPELLS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST among the women themselves, let alone against the male patriarchs

14. WOMEN OF COLOR • Must endure both SYSTEMATIC • and SYSTEMIC discrimination: • Black women excluded from nursing in Canada before the 1940’s • -They continue to experience racism in Canadian hospitals, most typically under the hands of white female nurses who work with management to monitor, control, and harass them • 2) Filipina and Caribbean women were/are exploited as cheap domestic labor • 3) Both Canadian-born and foreign-born visible minority women continue to earn less than white women or minority men • 4) Racialized women “ghettoized” into occupations that are dangerous and that provide little or no protection at all • 5) Experience trauma from ROLE OVER LOAD, whereby they must fulfill both paid and UNPAID labor • 6) Also endure a high potential for abuse and domestic violence

15. ABORIGINAL WOMEN • *Aboriginal women rank among the most highly disadvantaged people in Canada • *Aboriginal women experience a dwindling or status & power within Aboriginal communities that • Still play out a legacy of colonialism • That experience a loss of culture & social organization • That follow racist & sexist laws extending from the European conquest

16. ABORIGINAL WOMEN • Hollywood has also created stereotypes that reinforces their marginalization, either: • The disheveled “squaw” within a patrimonial community • The Indian princess with perfect Caucasian features  Pocahontas • Spirited romantics with an irresistible craving for white men

17. IMMIGRANT & REFUGEE WOMEN • Canada’s Immigration Policy is revealing its gendered nature on the basis of • Immigration entry requirements • Access to skills training & employment • Definitions of family and sponsorship • Immigrant women always placed in the lower tiers of the Canadian labor force Low-paying positions in manufacturing, service industries, and domestic work

18. IMMIGRANT & REFUGEE WOMEN • *They experience isolation and loneliness due to: • Limited Language and “Canadian” experience • Lack of Training opportunities & Underemployment • Child-rearing & school-related problems • Racial Prejudice • *Canada’s agricultural industry has become dependent on this form of cheap and subservient labor • *Even though this “dirty work” is taken up by males as well, only women are purposely imported from GENDER-SPECIFIC jobs in the sex-trade, child-rearing, and domestic labor

19. Trafficking in Women *Trafficking in Women: Sex-trade women workers also amongst most exploited and abused of migrant workers *Have to face unregulated work environments, constant threat of deportation if they complain, and a notion of being “owned” by their employers

20. WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR GENDERED INEQUALITIES? • *The Social Variables* • RACE • ETHNICITY • CLASS • GENDER • -> Important to note that these variables interlock with one another to create a pattern of domination and control.

21. INTERSECTION ANALYSIS PROCESS Theoretical approach to the study of inequality that incorporates the interplay of gender with the 3 other variables (race, ethnicity and class). GENDER in this case is superimposed on and it intersects with race, ethnicity and class to create interlocking patterns of domination that intensify the exclusion or exploitation.  THEREFORE it can be noted that minority women experience violence differently/harshly because gender for these women intersects differently with race, class and ethnicity to create different patterns and outcomes.