Connecting Atoms

1. Connecting Atoms Overview

2. Handouts and Worksheetsfor Chapters 4,5,6 • ‘The Chemical Investigator’ 12 – 20 • Naming ionic compounds practice worksheet • Lots of ionic naming practice problems • Mixed Ionic/Covalent compound naming • More naming practice • Review sheet – molar mass and naming • Review – naming ionic compounds

3. Introducing Chemical Bonds • Many crystals of minerals and gemstones consist of ionic compounds in which metal and non-metal atoms are joined by ionic bonding. • All forces of attraction leading to chemical bonding between atoms are electrical in nature.

4. Introducing Chemical Bonds • The electron structure of the atoms helps to understand how the atoms bonds and the characteristics of properties of the substances that are formed. • Most spontaneous changes in nature occur to reach a more stable state. Free atoms are seldom found in nature because atoms undergo changes in structure to become more stable. (Bonding)

5. Introducing Chemical Bonds • Sometimes atoms bond with atoms of the same kind (eg hydrogen gas H2) and sometimes atoms of a different kind (eg hydrochloric acid HCl) • Only noble gases may exist as free atoms. This behaviour can be explained by an atom’s electron configuration.

6. Electron configuration and Stability • Which group on the periodic table is most stable? Why? • Atoms of other elements become more stable by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a complete outer shell configuration

7. Electron configuration and Stability • Atoms can become more stable in one of three ways • By giving electrons to another atom • By taking electrons from another atom • By sharing electrons with another atom

8. Types of Chemical Bond • When atoms combine to achieve more stable structures, three types of bonding are possible • Ionic Bond – results when metallic atoms combine with non-metallic atoms to form and ionic lattice • Metallic Bond – results when metallic atoms combine to form a metallic lattice • Covalent Bond – results when non-metallic atoms combine to form either molecules or covalent lattices.

9. From Atoms to Ions • Atoms that gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable outer shell configuration are called ions. • When an atom becomes an ion it is no longer neutrally charged since the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons.

10. From Atoms to Ions • An atom that has lost electrons becomes positively charged and is called a cation • (eg Na+ Sodium ion) • An atom that gains an electron becomes negatively charged and is called an anion • (egCl- Chloride)

11. From Atoms to Ions • Whether an atom gains or loses electrons to achieve stability depends on its electronegativity (its electron attracting power) • When an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes charged • Electrovalency is the charge on an ion

12. From Atoms to IonsMetallic elements The metallic elements are those on the left hand side of the staircase. These elements generally have low electronegativities. They will lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration in their outer shells. aqueous

13. Metals in columns 1, 2, 3 are electron donors. NonMetals in columns 5, 6, 7 receive Electrons.

14. From Atoms to IonsMetallic elements lose an electron to form cations • The Li+ion has • + + + 3 protons • - - 2 electrons • = one proton unmatched • = 1 + charge • Eg • The Li atom has • + + + 3 protons • - - - 3 electrons • = neutral charge

15. From Atoms to Ions • The group 2 and 13 metals contain two and three valence electrons respectively. They lose their outer shell electrons to form ions with charges of 2+ and 3+ respectively. • Note – in naming a metallic ion we use the full name of the metal, followed the word ‘ion’ to distinguish it from the uncharged metal.

16. From Atoms to Ions Non metallic elements • Non metallic elements are shown on the right hand side of the staircase. These elements generally have high electronegativity. They will gain electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration of eight electrons in their outer shells (with the exception of hydrogen)

17. Metals in columns 1, 2, 3 are electron donors. NonMetals in columns 5, 6, 7 receive Electrons.

18. From Atoms to Ions Non metallic elements gain an electron to form anions Eg The O atom has + + + + + + + + 8 protons • - - - - - - - 8 electrons = neutral charge • The O2-ion has • + + + + + + + + 8 protons • - - - - - - - - - 10 electrons • = 2 electrons unmatched • = 2- charge

19. From Atoms to Ions Non metallic elements • It is convention in chemistry to indicate the ions of non-metallic elements with the suffix – ide. • Hence in the previous example the oxygen atom has become an oxide ion. • Work through the Sample Problem on page 72

20. Review • Complete the revision questions page 72 (1 – 4)