Prepositions : Locators in Time and Place

1. Prepositions: Locators in Time andPlace A prepositiondescribes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.

2. Consider your desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking about it: Youcansitbeforethedesk (orin front ofthedesk). Youcansitonthedesk (informally) orbehindthedesk, andthenyourfeet are underthedeskorbeneaththedesk. Youcan stand besidethedesk (meaningnext tothedesk), beforethedesk, betweenthedeskandyourpartner, orevenonthedesk (in a DeadPoetsSocietykindofthing). Ifyou’reclumsy, youcanbumpintothedeskortry to walkthroughthedesk (andstuffwouldfalloffthedesk). Passingyourhandsoverthedeskorrestingyourelbowsuponthedesk, youoftenlookacrossthedeskandspeakofthedeskorconcerningthedesk as iftherewerenothingelselikethedesk. Becauseyouthinkofnothingexceptthedesk, sometimesyouwonderaboutthedesk, what'sinthedesk, whattheymusthavepaidforthedesk, andifyoucouldlivewithoutthedesk. Youcanwalktowardthedesk, tothedesk, aroundthedesk, bythedesk, andevenpastthedeskwhileyousitatthedeskorleanagainstthedesk.

3. All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And you can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction]. Those words in bold font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time — "My brother is like my father." "Everyone in the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or another. It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the South Pacific is where I long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing.

4. You may have learned that ending a sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't take a grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting.“ Based on shaky historical precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those who dislike the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder: "That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also remember the child's complaint: "What did you bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?"

5. Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? We say we are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television. For native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other language, and you will quickly discover that prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. To address all the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage would require volumes, and the only way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of preposition usage is through practice and paying close attention to speech and the written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand is an important first step.

6. Prepositionsof Time: at, on, andin • We use at to designate specific times.The train is due at 12:15 p.m. • We use on to designate days and dates.My brother is coming on Monday.We're having a party on the Fourth of July. • We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.She likes to jog in the morning.It's too cold in winter to run outside.He started the job in 1971.He's going to quit in August.

7. PrepositionsofPlace: at, on, andin • We use at for specific addresses.Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham. • We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.Her house is on Boretz Road. • And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).She lives in Durham.Durham is in Windham County.Windham County is in Connecticut.

8. Prepositions of Location: in, at, and onand No Preposition * You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.

9. PrepositionsofMovement: toandNo Preposition • We use to in order to express movement toward a place.They were driving to work together.She's going to the dentist's office this morning. • Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.We're moving toward the light.This is a big step towards the project's completion. • With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.Grandma went upstairsGrandpa went home.They both went outside.

10. Prepositionsof Time: forandsince • We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).He held his breath for seven minutes.She's lived there for seven years.The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries. • We use since with a specific date or time.He's worked here since 1970.She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

11. Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

13. A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle.

14. Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions • agreeto a proposal, with a person, on a price, inprinciple • argueabout a matter, with a person, fororagainst a proposition • compare toto show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimessimilarities) • correspondto a thing, with a person • differfromanunlikething, with a person • liveatanaddress, in a houseor city, on a street, withotherpeople Unnecessary Prepositions • In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose. • Shemetupwiththenewcoach in thehallway. • The book fell off ofthedesk. • He threwthe book out ofthewindow. • Shewouldn'tletthecatinsideofthehouse. [or use "in"] • Wheredidtheygoto? • Putthelamp in backofthecouch. [use "behind" instead] • Where is yourcollegeat? Prepositions in Parallel Form • When two words or phrases are used in parallel and require the same preposition to be idiomatically correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice.You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance. • However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be careful not to omit one of them.The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played.He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.

15. Exercises on Prepositions